Francisco Arcellana Essay

Francisco â€Å"Franz† Arcellana (September 6, 1916 – August 1, 2002) was a Filipino writer, poet, essayist, critic, journalistand teacher. He was born on September 20, 1916. Arcellana already had ambitions of becoming a writer during his years in the elementary. His actual writing, however, started when he became a member of The Torres Torch Organization during his high school years. Arcellana continued writing in various school papers at the University of the Philippines Diliman. He later on received a Rockfeller Grant and became a fellow in creative writing the University of Iowa and Breadloaf’s writers conference from 1956- 1957. He is considered an important progenitor of the modern Filipino short story in English. Arcellana pioneered the development of the short story as a lyrical prose-poetic form within Filipino literature. His works are now often taught in tertiary-level-syllabi in the Philippines. Many of his works were translated into Tagalog, Malaysia n, Russian, Italian, and German. Arcellana won 2nd place in 1951 Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature, with his short story, â€Å"The Flowers of May.† 14 of his short stories were also included in Jose Garcia Villa’s Honor Roll from 1928 to 1939. His major achievements included the first award in art criticism from the Art Association of the Philippines in 1954, the Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinangan award from the city government of Manila in 1981, and the Gawad Pambansang Alagad ni Balagtas for English fiction from the Unyon ng mga Manunulat sa Pilipino (UMPIL) in 1988. On April 2, 1989, the University of the Philippines conferred upon Arcellana a doctorate in humane letters, honoris causa. Francisco Arcellana was proclaimed National Artist of the Philippines in Literature on 23, 1990 by then Philippine President Corazon C. Aquino. In 2009, or seven years after his death, his family came out with a book to pay tribute to National Artist for Literature Arcellana. The book entitled, â€Å"Franz,† is a collection of essays gathered by the Arcellana family from colleagues, friends, students and family members, including f ellow National Artist Nick Joaquin, Butch Dalisay, Recah Trinidad, Jing Hidalgo,Gemino Abad, Romina Gonzalez, Edwin Cordevilla, Divina Aromin, Doreen Yu, Danton Remoto, Jose Esteban Arcellana and others. Arcellana is buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani. Arcellana died in 2002. As a National Artist, he received a state funeral at the Libingan ng mga Bayani. His grandson Liam Hertzsprung performed a piano concert in 2006 dedicated to him. Arcellana’s published books include: Selected Stories (1962) Poetry and Politics: The State of Original Writing in English in the Philippines Today (1977) The Francisco Arcellana Sampler (1990). References 1. Jump up^ Morales, Natalia M.L.M. A Haiku for Sir Franz, In Memoriam: Franz Arcellana, Philippine Daily Inquirer, Aug. 13, 2002, www.tinig.net 2. Jump up^ http://www.globalpinoy.com/gp.topics.v1/viewtopic.php?postid=4d880cceafad2&channelName=4d880cceafad2 3. Jump up^ http://www.philstar.com/headlines/170509/national-artist-arcellana-85 4. Jump up^ http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca/org-awards/literature/francisco_arcellana.php 5. Jump up^ http://www.philstar.com/arts-and-culture/517127/regarding-franz-launch Biography of Francisco Arcellana Francisco â€Å"Franz† Arcellana (Zacarias Eugene Francisco Quino Arcellana) was a Filipino writer, poet, essayist, critic, journalist and teacher. He was born in aka Frank V. Sta. Cruz, Manila. He is the fourth of 18 children of Jose Arcellana y Cabaneiro and Epifanio Quino. He was married to Emerenciana Yuvienco with whom he has six children, one of whom, Juaniyo is an essayist, poet and fictionist. He received his first schooling in Tondo. The idea of writing occurred to him at the Tondo Intermediate School but it was at the Manila West High School (later Torres High School) that he took up writing actively as staff member of The Torres Torch, the school organ. In 1932 Arcellana entered the University of the Philippines (UP) as a pre-medicine student and graduated in 1939 with a bachelor of philosophy in degree. In his junior year, mainly because of the publication of his  Ã¢â‚¬Å"trilogy of the turtles† in the Literary Apprentice, Arcellana was invited to join the UP Writers Club by Manuel Arguilla – who at that time was already a campus literary figure. In 1934, he edited and published Expression, a quarterly of experimental writing. It caught the attention of Jose Garcia Villa who started a correspondence with Arcellana. It also spawned the Veronicans, a group of 13 pre-WWII who rebelled against traditional forms and themes in Philippine literature. Arcellana went on to medical school after receiving his bachelor’s degree while holding jobs in Herald Midweek Magazine, where his weekly column â€Å"Art and Life† (later retitled â€Å"Life and Letters†) appeared, and in Philcross, the publication of the Philippine Red Cross. The war stopped his schooling. After the war, he continued working in media and publishing and began a career in the academe. He was manager of the International News Service and the editor of This Week. He joined the UP Department of English and Comparative Literature and served as adviser of the Philippine Collegian and director of the UP Creative Writing Center, 1979- 1982. Under a Rockefeller Foundation grant he became a fellow in creative writing, 1956- 1957, at the University of Iowa and Breadloaf Writers’ Conference. In 1932 Arcellana published his first story. â€Å"The Man Who Could Be Poe† in Graphic while still a student at Torres High School. The following year two of his short stories, â€Å"Death is a Factory† and â€Å"Lina,† were included in Jose Garcia Villa’s honor roll. During the 1930’s, which he calls his most productive period, he wrote his most significant stories including, â€Å"Now Sleeps the Crimson Petal† cited in 1938 by Villa as the year’s best. He also began writing poetry at this time, many of them appearing in Philippine Collegian, Graphic and Herald Midweek Magazine. He is considered an important progenitor of the modern Filipino short story in English. Arcellana pioneered the development of the short story as a lyrical prose-poetic form within Filipino literature. His works are now often taught in tertiary-level-syllabi in the Philippines. Some of his works have been translated into Tagalog, Malaysian, Italian,  German and Russian, and many have been anthologized. Two major collections of his works are: Selected Stories, 1962, and The Francisco Arcellana Sampler, 1990. He also edited the Philippine PEN Anthology of Short Stories, 1962, and Fifteen Stories: Story Masters 5, 1973. Arcellana credits Erskine Caldwell and Whit Burnett as influences. From 1928 to 1939, 14 of his short stories were included in Jose Garcia Villa’s honor roll. His short story â€Å"The Flowers of May† won second prize in 1951 Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Award for Literature. Another short story, â€Å"Wing of Madness,† placed second in the Philippines Free Press literary contest in 1953, He also received the first award in art criticism from the Art Association of the Philippines in 1954, the Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinangan award from the city government of Manila in 1981, and the Gawad Pambansang Alagad ni Balagtas for English fiction from the Unyon ng mga Manunulat sa Pilipino (UMPIL) in 1988. He was conferred a doctorate in humane letters, honoris causa, by the UP in 1989. He was proclaimed National Artist in Literature in 1990 – L.R. Lacuesta and R.C. Lucero Francisco Arcellana’s Works: Selected Stories (1962) Poetry and Politics: The State of Original Writing in English in the Philippines Today (1977) The Francisco Arcellana Sampler (1990).  This page is based on the copyrighted Wikipedia Francisco Arcellana; it is used under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. You may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the CC-BY-SA. Francisco Arcellana Si Francisco Arcellana ay makata, mangangatha, kritiko, peryodista at guro. Isa siya sa mga ninuno ng makabagong Filipinong maikling katha sa Ingles. Siya ang nanguna sa pagpapalawak ng maikling katha bilang matulaing anyo. Kaniyang ipinagkakapuri ang likhang-isip sapagkat naipapakita nito ang katotohanan at naipriprisinta ang realidad. Siya ay naging mapangahas sa pagtuklas ng mga anyo ng sanaysay upang maipahayag ang talas ng pakiramdam ng mga Filipino. Dahil sa galing ng kaniyang mga kamay sa pagsulat, ang kaniyang mga likha ay siya na ngayong ginagamit ng mga mag-aaral sa kolehiyo. Mga Aklat Selected Stories (1962) Poetry and Politics: The State of Original Writing in English in the Philippines Today (1977) The Francisco Arcellana Sampler (1990) Maikling Kuwento Frankie The Man Who Would Be Poe Death in a Factory Lina Divided by Two Tula The Other Woman This Being the Third Poem This Poem is for Mathilda To Touch You I Touched Her Sanggunian â€Å"Francisco Arcellana.† ncca (hinango noong 26 Oktubre 2007). â€Å"Ang akdang ito ay katiting [stub]. Tumulong sa Wikifilipino at palawakin pa ito !† Pagkilala Mga kategorya: Buhay at Sining Panitikan Tula Nobela Kasaysayang pampanitikan Manunulat Katiting THE MATS Uploaded on Oct 25, 2011 *The Mats is about the story of the Angeles family. Where in Mr. Angeles brought home gifts (the mats) for his children from a long work-vacation. The conflicts starts when Nana Emilia (her wife) notices that he even provide gifts for their already dead children. *the story shows the strong family ties of the Filipinos (the MATS on how it is weaved) This movie is a partial requirement of our LIT-101 (Phil.Lit) under Mam Kathleen Javillionar. from Group-THE MATS of BSA1g (2011-2012)

Attitudes Toward Seeking Mental Health Essay

Abstract According to the World Health Organisation an estimated 200 million people globally are affected by serious mental health problems, however, research evidence indicates that only around one-third of those experiencing mental health difficulties actually seek treatment. A number of psycho-social and demographic factors have been found to explain variation in attitudes towards, and intentions to, seek psychological help. This study sought to examine the association between attitudes towards seeking mental health services and intentions to engage in psychological counselling. The sample for the current study consisted of 331 active and retired members of the national police force of the Republic of Ireland. It was predicted that psychological openness, help-seeking propensity, and indifference to stigma would all positively predict intentions to participate in psychological counselling, after controlling for age, gender and personality factors. The results showed that Finish Abstract Introduction According to the World Health Organisation an estimated 200 million people globally are affected by serious mental health problems (Mollica, 2000). Available data, however, suggests that only around one-third of those experiencing mental health difficulties actually make treatment contact (Kessler et al., 2009). This is of concern not only because of the deleterious impact on individual’s lives, but also because of the associated economic and societal costs of untreated mental health problems (Kessler et al., 2009). A number of psycho-social and demographic factors have been found to explain variation in attitudes towards, and intentions to, seek psychological help (e.g., Bartels, 2003; Segal, Coolidge, Mincic, & O’Riley, 2005; Vogel, Wester, Wei, & Boysen, 2005). How favourable and effective one believes psychological counselling to be, one’s own belief in their capacity to engage in counselling, and perceptions of subsequent social rejection  following counse lling attendance, have been identified as particularly influential (e.g., Hyland, McLaughlin, Boduszek, & Prentice, 2012; Vogel & Wester, 2003). Research also suggests that females may be significantly more likely than males to hold favourable attitudes towards utilising mental health services (e.g., Chandra & Minkovitz 2006; Raunic & Xenos, 2008), although some studies have shown that males and females do not differ in their attitudes or intentions towards the utilisation of mental health services (e.g., Kelly & Achter, 1995; Vogel & Wester, 2003). Additionally, personality factors have been suggested to impact upon individuals’ help-seeking attitudes and intentions. Jagdeo, Cox, Stein, and Sareen (2009) found that antisocial personality disorder was associated with greater negative attitudes towards help-seeking using data from the US National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) (n = 5877) and the Ontario Health Survey (OHS) (n = 6902). Given the disparity between mental health service needs and service utilization a more comprehensive understanding of the factors involved in counselling-seeking behaviour is required. The Inventory of Attitudes toward Seeking Mental Health Services (IASMHS; Mackenzie, Knox, Gekoski, & Macaulay, 2004) is a 24-item scale designed to assess the attitudinal factors that influence the seeking of mental health services. This scale was developed based upon Fisher and Turner’s (1970) Attitudes toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale. The scale was developed with a clear theoretical foundation, and its increasing use in research (James & Buttle, 2008; Loya, Reddy, & Hinshaw, 2010; Mackenzie, Gekoski, & Knox, 2006; Mojaverian, Hashimoto, & Kim, 2012; Floersch et al., 2009). The IASMHS initially included 41-items, however the results an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using maximum likelihood estimation among a sample of 208 adult volunteers (Mackenzie et al., 2004) reduced the number of items in the scale to 24. Results indicated that the 24-item scale could be explained in terms of three correlated factors, which accounted for 43% of variance: (a) Psychological Openness (the degree to which an individual is open to acknowledging the presence of a psychological problem and to seek professional care for such a problem), (b) Help-Seeking Propensity (one’s willingness and perceived ability to seek help for psychological problems), and (c) Indifference to Stigma (how concerned an individual would feel were significant others to discover that they were receiving psychological care).  Internal consistency coefficients for the IASMHS subscales were reported to be good with Cronbach’s alphas of .82 (psychological openness), .76 (help-seeking propensity), and .79 (indifference to stigma). Factor correlations were moderate with r values ranging from .37 to .47. In the same paper, using an independent sample of 293 undergraduate university students and employing confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) techniques, Mackenzie and colleagues (2004) reported that they replicated the three-factor solution indicated by the EFA. Model fit was acceptable and factor correlations ranged from r = .26 to .43. The current study aims to assess the degree to which intentions to participate in psychological counselling can be predicted by attitudes towards seeking mental health services. Specifically, it was predicted that psychological openness, help-seeking propensity, and indifference to stigma would all positively predict intentions to participate in psychological counselling, after controlling for age, gender and personality factors. Method Participants The sample for the current study consisted of 331 (Males: n = 202; Females: n = 129) active and retired members of the national police force of the Republic of Ireland. Of the officers recruited, 302 (91%) were currently serving members of the Irish police force, while 29 (9%) were retired. Participants ranged in age from 20 to 77 years, with an average age of 28.41 years (SD = 8.63). Just under half the sample of officers were stationed in rural areas (45%, n = 149), 41% were stationed in suburban areas (n = 136), and 14% were stationed in urban areas (n = 46). The majority of officers who participated in this study were recent entrants into the police service with 63% of respondents indicating that they had been serving for two years or less (n = 209). Approximately half were married (48%, n = 159), while the remaining participants either resided with parents (27%, n = 89), lived with other family members (3%, n = 10), or lived alone (22%, n = 73). Procedure The majority of study participants were recruited during a training seminar (n = 259), while the remaining officers were recruited via formal written requests (n = 72). Appropriate authorization was granted from the relevant  officials to carry out the study. In total, 532 members were approached to complete the research questionnaire, and 365 volunteered their participation (68%). However due to overwhelming missing data in 34 returned surveys only 331 responses were retained for the final analysis (62%). Participants were required to complete an anonymous self-report, paper-and-pencil questionnaire booklet which included an instruction sheet and a consent form attached to the front of the booklet. Participants were assured about confidentiality and informed that their participation was voluntary. Completed questionnaires were returned by the participants to their superior officer in sealed envelopes, and were subsequently returned to the principal investigator. Measures The Inventory of Attitudes toward Seeking Mental Health Services (IASMHS: Mackenzie et al., 2004) is a 24-item scale designed to measure an individual’s attitudes towards seeking mental health services. The IASMHS was developed in order to measure three factors labeled (a) Psychological openness, (b) Help-seeking propensity, and (c) Indifference to stigma. Psychological openness reflects the degree to which an individual is open to acknowledging the presence of a psychological problem and to seek professional care for such a problem. Help-seeking propensity reflects one’s willingness and perceived ability to seek help for psychological problems. Indifference to stigma refers to how concerned an individual would feel if significant others were to discover that they were receiving psychological care. Each factor is proposed to be measured via 8 items and each item is measured using a five point Likert-scale ranging from 0 (â€Å"disagree†) to 4 (â€Å"agree† ). Intentions to Participate in Psychological Counselling: Intentions were measured as part of a larger questionnaire designed to measure the various constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991). This questionnaire was constructed according to the guidelines set forth by Ajzen (1991, 2002). The questionnaire was based upon a fictitious scenario which included the four elements of time, context, action, and target, as proposed by Ajzen and Fishbein (1977). The scenario describes an event that took place six weeks previously in which an individual witnesses a severe road  traffic accident. In the intervening six weeks this individual begins to experience significant personality changes. The individual is reported to now experience prolonged periods of extreme sadness, lack of energy, distressing thoughts related to the traumatic event, reduced interest in normally pleasurable activities, severe panic attacks while outside, and refusal to leave the house even for work. A friend of this individual attends a G.P. about the matter and the G.P. recommends that the described person should attend a professional psychologist for counselling within the next week. An appointment is thus made for next week. Participants in this study are asked to place themselves in the position of this fictitious person and to complete the questions that follow (see Appendix A for the full vignette). Behavioural intentions were measured via three items (Cronbach’s alpha = .77). 1. How likely is it that you would intend to go along to see a professional psychologist for counseling within the next week if you were in Terry’s position? 2. You will try to participate in counseling with a professional psychologist within the next week. 3. You have decided to participate in counseling with a professional psychologist within the next week. Each item was measured along a seven point Likert scale ranging from 1 (extremely unlikely) to 7 (extremely likely) and the scores on the three questions were summed. Higher scores on this scale indicate stronger intentions to engage in counselling.

Japanese and centralization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Japanese and centralization - Essay Example However, in tandem with an understanding that centralization establishes and upholds a natural order, the piece also indicates that the â€Å"unsettled† minds of the people and the doubt that they have for the future is likely to create a significant hardship for any that would attempt to establish a further level of centralization or control over the territories. Likewise, the second document, entitled â€Å"The Capital, Taxes, and the Army†, written in 646 AD also compounds the importance and need for centralization. In such a way, the author focuses on the need to maintain a national army and the importance of subservience and loyalty that this army will have to the emperor. Yet, rather than focusing on how this could be established, the article returns to the competing interests of tribal warlords and those that might wish to have a disproportionately large say in the affairs of the newly created state. The undertone of the entire article is one that leaves the reader with little question that these types of individuals cannot be won over to the cause and must ultimately be coerced by force to engage in the process of centralization. Similarly, the third document, entitled â€Å"The Corruption of Local Officials†, focuses, not surprisingly, on the high levels of corruption being a stumbling block to further levels of centralization. With these local officials withholding money and tribute for themselves, the degree and extent to which a central emperor can raise taxes and have sway over a given region was obviously

Team and Leadership Recommendations Research Paper

Team and Leadership Recommendations - Research Paper Example Nando’s Restaurant has devised the method of improving its leadership and performance as the staff motivation (Hambley & Kline 2007, p. 142). The first team to be considered in the strategy is HR team. This is because they are the immediate people who will influence and change the attitude of the entire employees, as they are the immediate people dealing with other employees direct. HR team should be motivated in various ways. They should be given time to attend frequent leadership seminars and training (Harris, Hopkins & Chapman 2013, p. 63). This will enable them to acquire more skills, which will enable them to lead by example and motivate the other employees. The HR team should be given chance to give their new ideas on how the services can be improved or solve certain problems. This will make the HR team feel comfortable when delivering their duties as they feel they are part of the organization. The shareholders should consult the team before taking any step or making an y decision concerning employees’ performances. (Lumby & Coleman 2007, p. 61). This is a kind of motivation on the HR team, as they feel recognized before any decision is made in the company.HR team should employ the theory of team formation when trying to meet the targets of the organization. HR team together with other managers and supervisors should convince the other employees to form teams. When the employees work in teams it will be easy as they will work together aiming the same target.

Poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Poetry - Essay Example This includes the season which is just as night starts in autumn, which is when the season of death, winter, starts. The short lines also make it seem as if there is not much left to waiting. The longest line is the first one, but its broken by the hard ‘b’ sounds. The other lines are very short, only three syllables each, and the last line is only two words. This makes it look like it’s coming to an end. 3(a) I think the meaning of the poem is that death waits for us all. A bird that usually symbolizes death is seen on a bare branch at the end of the living seasons and at the end of the day. I think this is how most people would interpret the poem. 3(b) The meaning of this poem is brought out through the poet’s use of literary devices such as alliteration, imagery and meter. Alliteration conveys the idea that something is about to stop and something else is about to happen. In the first line, the alliteration works on the repeated sound of the letter ‘b’ as in â€Å"bare branch.† This sound makes us come to a hard stop at the beginning of each word and makes us think of endings. This is reinforced by the imagery of the bare branch itself, which indicates life has stopped because all the leaves are gone. It is also reinforced by the meter of the poem because the line is so short. Alliteration is used in the second line to indicate that motion is about to start again with its rolling ‘r’ sounds as in â€Å"rook roosts.† Although the imagery includes a small bird finding a place to rest for the night, it also introduces a living animal into the scene which introduces motion, even if it is just the motion of breathing. This works with the meter to suggest the type of motion to be expected. The line is a full word and a syllable shorter than the first line, suggesting things slowing down. The bird roosts, which is to say that he is doing something. The bird is beginning to

Bryan Forbes The Stepford Wives Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Bryan Forbes The Stepford Wives - Movie Review Example The TV show Desperate Housewives clearly references the film in its depiction of one of the main characters, Bree Van De Kamp, due to her 1970s-era standard of wifely and motherly perfection. But while the novelty of the concept of wives being turned into robotic versions of themselves may be exactly what is needed to affirm the 1970s genre of horror cinema-as evidenced by Carrie, The Exorcist, The Omen, and many others-the social implications of the film were not always welcomed by concerned parties. In particular, the undeniable strengthening of the feminist movement in America in the 1980s that gave women even louder voices in societal issues did not find much significance in The Stepford Wives, despite the clear commentary on the prevalent patriarchal norms being followed by general American societies. The analysis then would be centered on this issue, from the communication of female-related concepts and the subsequent interpretation made; the statement about women, after all, is much more pronounced in this text than in the author's previous work, Rosemary's Baby. The film is quite curious from the very beginning, with the ominous perfection of a scene showing a young couple, Joanna and Walter, moving their family from busy, noisy New York City to the peaceful suburb of Stepford. As many horror stories would have it, the idyllic situation slowly starts changing, mainly due to the peculiar behavior of some of the wives in the community. They were strange in their demeanor and ideals, akin to TV portrayals of perfect mothers and wives who spent all their time cooking and cleaning with nary a hair out of place. Subsequently, the transformation of Joanna's friend Bobbie and Joanna herself reveals how the community is controlled by the men, who apparently discard their wives for mechanical look-alikes that would function exactly as expected. But the image created by the film with regard to the epitome of womanhood-specifically in women's roles in the home, such as cooking, cleaning, and maintaining an appearance that conforms to standards promoted by media-is largely within the stereotype of the Caucasian female married to a Caucasian man of stable economic means, enough to provide for a home equipped with the necessary elements that would allow for the keeping up of the image. Children would not be more than two, and are well-dressed and well-behaved. Husbands would leave home and return at very specific times, during which the wife must be ready to attend to his every wish. As this cannot be possible in the frenetic environment of cities and urban addresses, it essentially finds its setting in the suburbs of America, taking from the afterthought to the phenomenon of urbanization, which is the contrary suburbanization. Joanne and Walter's move from New York to Stepford is typical of this occurrence, as more and more problems become associated with living in cities. The growing concern for less substantial economic costs and adhering to a lifestyle denoted by family and community time is at the core of suburbanization, which led many to move back to the suburbs. One of the major influences of this change is "the preference for

Audience Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Audience Analysis Paper - Essay Example For the purpose of this analysis these persons are expecting the correspondence of quarterly sales information. In order to relay information accordingly considerations must be made for appropriate channeling, consideration of audience characteristics, and specifics toward audience diversity. Aside from these matters assurance must also be made to ensure that the message is perceived effectively by the corresponding audience. Discussion When dealing with large groups and presentation methods it must first be established what the speaker can control. In this case it would be the type of presentation that is warranted for a large group and how to maintain the information that will be delivered. By establishing what type of presentation is best suited, the speaker needs to determine the characteristics of the audience. This can be accomplished by utilizing audience recognition. In the case of groups it is best to focus on generalization or what the members of the group have in common ba sed on demographics and psychographic profiling (Adapting your message to your, p. 44). In this case of having to deliver one specific message to a large group of stakeholders it can be assumed that these individuals will be interested in profit margins and best selling merchandises that can be revealed in the reports. By figuring the place of the individual stakeholders (i.e. who is the customer, who is the manager, who is the salesperson) the amount of understanding the individuals will have about the information can be determined. In the case of having to disclose quarterly sales information the presentation should be done at a level that the customer can understand. The customer will more than likely be the least likely persons out of the group that does not have the common education level of the others on the subject. That means that the group presentation should be presented to an education level that is equivalent to the customers. Based on the lack of information that the cu stomer may have an appropriate channel would be to have a written record of information that will be discussed in the meeting. The written information (outlining document that follows the speaker in presentation with points from the report) should also be accompanied by definitions of terminology and emphasis on important points (Adapting your message to your, p. 49 - 56). This channel of trade is needed to give the lesser informed members of the audience insight on what the presentation is attempting to correspond. In this case the customer portion of your audience may be lacking appropriate knowledge of quarterly sales reports. For all intensive purposes the presentation can be classified as a lecture and it is likely that visual aids may be needed. Based on lecture characteristics it is assumed that audience attentions dwindle after about 30 minutes into the presentation and they retain about 3 pieces of information from an hour long sitting (Robertson, pg 237.) Audience lack of retention as previously stated implies that transferring verbal information without the use of visual aid does nothing for group retention. To offset the negative effects of long presentations the active learning process is promising for positive retention of the audience. The human interactive system is embodied in a PowerPoint that employs a interactive system (Robertson, p. 237 - 238). Aside from the characteristics of the audience it is likely that the diversity of the group can be

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 33

Business Law - Essay Example In circumstance 1 (c), private and criminal law suits are involved. They serve a purpose of guaranteeing personal freedoms. This is because carrying guns in public is meant to enable the licensed individuals to secure the freedom of ownership of their assets such as money and cars while in public places. Moreover, violation of the terms of use of their guns leads to disputes between them and their governments. Lastly, in circumstance 1 (d), private and civil laws are involved. They serve the purpose of ensuring social justice. This is because disputes arising between potential employees and their employers would be addressed by private law. Moreover, the civil law ensures that all individuals enjoy equal economic rights hence deserving equal consideration during hiring (Browne et.al, 2). In scenario 2, precedent refers to a principle that had been established in a previous legal case that is persuasive to a court judge when deciding subsequent cases with similar facts. On the other hand, stare decisis refers to the act of abiding to the decided cases (Browne et.al, 4). Precedent will help the judge in deciding whether to close the different business for similar instances of misconduct through examining the applicability of the previously established rule in the current scenario. Correlation between the current and the previous cases will influence the judge to abide by the established rule. As a businessperson, knowledge of case law relevant to my business would help me make decisions regarding a shift of my business location. In scenario 3 (a), historical school of thought would help the judge to recognize the gay partner as a surviving spouse. The school of thought considers past principles established on a particular case to be influential in deciding the current case. Therefore, since there are other States that consider gay partners as surviving spouses the judge can also decide to follow suit. On the other hand,

Recommendation MEMO to Darla Domke Research Proposal

Recommendation MEMO to Darla Domke - Research Proposal Example She believes that she will have a upper hand in her business The most appropriate step for Darla Domke to take when setting up the I’ll cook for you business is to establish her own in house advertising and not hire an outside advertising agency (Dunung 2010, p. 22). Advertising comes with a number of drawbacks. Thus depending on the decision that an individual has made to start a business it is important that they choose the most appropriate kid of advertising strategy that will meet their needs as well as that of their customers. From the pros and cons listed in relation to whether Darla Domke should hire an outside advertising agency or develop an in-house advertising agency, it would be appropriate for her to set up her own advertising agency that she will be able to work within her own schedule and incorporate a number of ideas that are within her area of competency (Pringle & Starr, 2006, p. 161). With her own services, she can use them to serve as her advertising strategy at the same time (Provost 2014, par 1-8). Establishing an in house advertising agency as opposed to the hiring of an outside advertising agency has benefits that include the ability to effectively save on time and costs as well as the ease of control of activities. There is room to make faster and informed decisions. One of the disadvantages that is normally associated with the establishment of an in house advertising agency is that most of the people in the business may not have the required experience and expertise (Kazmi, Batra &U Satish 2008, p. 64). For the case of Darla who is a qualified nutritionist, getting time off her regular office job will give her more time to prepare high quality meals. She will also make use of her skills and abilitities to ensure that the meals she prepares are healthy and of the appropriate quality. In addition, if she requires any additional personnel, she should ensure that they have the relevant level of professionalism,

Grief Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Grief - Research Proposal Example The process of acquiring is made balanced by the fact that we must loose. All relationships, objects or positions we acquire in life must be taken away or experience a phase that eliminate the effectiveness of the relationship. The loss is painful to the human life and we involuntary develop a process that tends to react to the loss. The reaction may be displayed in numerous forms. Different people display varying reactions to loss based on their idea of mourning and recovery. In an example a person may cry while another may alter their eating habits. However, an explanation to loss and recovery may be explained in a theological perspective to understand the existence this part of human life and spirit. Grief can be defined as a way in which a person may react to loss. Grief is a person’s way to recovery after experiencing loss of something they had a relationship with1. However, the explanation of grief does cannot be exhausted by the understanding of the person relationship with what they lost. This is after the consideration that the magnitude of the loss determines the magnitude of grief one experiences2. Does grief exist in a theological scope or is grief extensively explained just by the reaction of human nature? Does one’s grief relieve them of the pain they experience when they undergo loss? It is involuntary to grief. Human nature is incorporated with characteristics that require them to adjust to their environment in an instance of change3. The adjustment requires any mechanism that would minimize the feeling of pain4. This explains the difference in the way in which different people grieve. A person may heal from crying while another person may not heal from the same mechanism. The process of grieving is also determined by the magnitude of the loss5. Grief is influenced by the level of one’s exposure to pain6. The magnitude of grief one may undergo when they lose their family member is different from one they experience when they

Coach Incorporated Security Analysis Paper Essay Example for Free

Coach Incorporated Security Analysis Paper Essay Abstract Coach Incorporated is a company established in 1941in Manhattan. Coach is in the fashion industry and this accessories manufacturer is one of the best known brands in North America. Coach was bought out by the Sara Lee Corporation in 1985 and started being publicly traded in 2000 on the New York Stock Exchange. Coach Incorporated prides it selves off of being one of the most dependable, unique, desirable, and fashionable brands in their industry. Coach has a disadvantage with its competition, being the only one publicly traded. It does not have access to the others financial records. Coach Incorporated likes to stick to tradition, whether it is in their designs or their Executive officers. Coach has a very diverse and experienced Executive team. Coach also just started a litigation campaign in 2009 called â€Å"Operation turnlock† to try and help with the counterfeit problem. They were recently award a large sum of money from one of the lawsuits the campaign filled for online counterfeit merchandise. Coach recently just gave $2 million to the Hurricane Sandy Relief Fund to help rebuild the community where Coach got its own start. Coach’s financial records are in order and are continuing to grow steadily even through the rough economy. Coach Incorporated (Coach) is a company that designs and manufactures leather goods as well as other accessories. It was founded in a Manhattan loft in 1941 as a family-run workshop. This family used skill passed down from each generation to create a unique style that became quite desirable to consumers. (Coach est. 1941, 2010) In 1985 Coach was purchased by Sara Lee Corporation. Also, in 2000, Coach as Incorporated in the state of Maryland and listed on the New York Stock Exchange for approximately 68 million shares. Their mission statement is â€Å"Coach seeks to be the leading brand of quality lifestyle accessories offering classic, modern American styling.† In today’s world, Coach is large company that still retains high standards and craftsmanship for their leather goods. They manufacture items such as purses, suit cases, wallets, watches, accessories, shoes, jewelry, sunglasses and etc. Some of these items are manufactured through their licensing partners. Such as Estee Lauder Companies Incorporated is Coach’s fragrance licensing partner. (Reuters: Profile, coach, 2012) The Coach brand has ‘established a signature style and distinctive identity’ (Coach Est. 1941, 2010) that almost everyone can recognize, which is why their prices reflect more of the name than the quality of the items. Coach is in the fashion industry and enough people are willing to pay for the name brand of Coach to keep them in business and to keep the prices high. The market the Coach is in is the fashion market, and their customers are middle to upper class men and women. Because their prices are high the market for their items has to be to a household that has extra money to spend and even though they sell mostly women related items they do sell men’s’ as well. Their competition includes Louis Vuitton, Fendi, Gucci Incorperated, Dooney and Bourke Incorporated, Katie Spade LLC, and Michael Kors Incorporated which are all privately owned companies. (Yahoo finance, 2012) Coach operates in two different ways, direct to customers and indirect. Indirect is where Coach sells their products to other retail stores and direct to customers is selling out of their own stores. Coach has over 500 stores in the United States and Canada as of June 30, 2012. They also have over 300 locations in Japan, China, Singapore and Taiwan. They have recently acquired new locations in Malaysia and South Korea in July and August. (Coach est. 1941, 2010) Coach not only has their own retail stores, but also sells their merchandise through department stores and specialty retailer locations. With these locations, Coach is also present in Europe, Asia, and Latin America. As of 1999 Coach launched their first on-line store available to customers in the United States, Canada, and Japan. They also have informational websites in twenty other countries. In the future, Coach plans to increase international distribution and target international consumers, especially in Asia. They also plan on staying one of the most popular name brand accessory companies in North America. (Coach est. 1941, 2010) Coach also has very high standards for their brand. Coach states that â€Å"The Coach brand represents a unique synthesis of magic and logic that stands for quality, authenticity, value and a truly aspirational, distinctive American style.† (Coach est. 1941, 2010) They hold accountability to their customers. They also guarantee great service and that their customers’ needs are always met. Coach seeks long term relationships with all their costumers by treating them this way. This is one reason Coach is still around and doing well as a company even with their high prices. They are dedicated to their honesty, trust, satisfaction, and fairness to their consumers, business, and community. They strive to increase consumer and shareholder value. (Coach est. 1941, 2010) They have a small number of executive officers with only seven. First on the list is Lew Frankfort the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Frankfort joined the Coach company is 1979 as Vice President of New Business Development. Mr. Frankfort has appointed President of Coach in 1985 and named Chairman and CEO in 1995. When Mr. Frankfort started at Coach, Coach’s sales were about $6 million. Today Coach’s sales are $4.8 billion. He has seen many changes with this company, such as seeing it go to a publicly traded company on the New York Stock Exchange in 2000. Before joining Coach, Mr. Frankfort held positions in the public sector in New York City. He holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from Hunter College, and a MBA in Marketing from Columbia University. He also holds a spot on the Board of Overseers of Columbia’s Business School. Mr. Frankfort was recognized by Barron’s from 2005-2008 as one of 30 â€Å"Most Respected CEO’s† globally. (Coach est. 1941, 2010) Having someone that has been in the same company for 33 years now running it, says wonders about Coach. Coach is a brand that sticks to what it knows and does not change something that is working for them. Just like their products, Coach’s president is what they seek in their mission of keeping everything classic. Next, is Reed Krakoff, the President, Executive Creative Director of Coach and has been employed at Coach since December 1996. He was initially hired as the Vice President and Executive Creative Director, but advanced to his current position just two and a half years later. Mr. Krakoff has a degree in Fashion Design from Parsons School of Design. Prior to Coach, Mr. Krakoff held various positions at Anne Klein, Ralph Lauren and other design houses. In 2007 Mr. Krakoff was elected vice president of the Council of Fashion Designers of America, and in 2001and 2004 he was awarded the honor of Accessories Designer of the Year. To this day Mr. Krakoff styles and photographs the campaigns for Coach. (Coach est. 1941, 2010) Having a man like Reed Krakoff on the Coach team ensures that they will have some of the most elegant designs in the industry today. His ability to create pieces that Coach would gladly put their name on ensures him a long career at Coach. Following is Jerry Stritzke, the President and Chief Operating Officer as of March 2008. Prior to Coach he joined Best, Sharp, Sheridan, Shritzke in 1985 as a partner. In 1992 he practiced law at Stritzke Law Office. From 1993 to 1999 Mr. Stritzke was a consultant for Webb and Shirley. Lastly, Mr. Stritzke held several senior executive positions within limited Brand Incorporation, from 1999 to 2007. Jerry Stritzke has a Bachelors of Science from Oklahoma State University and a Juris Doctor from the University of Oklahoma. (Coach est. 1941, 2010) Next is Michael Tucci the President, Retail Division in North America. Mr. Tucci joined Coach in 2003 with over twenty years of experience. Before Coach, he was the Executive Vice President of Gap Incorporated and held various senior leadership positions from 1994-2002. Michael Tucci also held executive positions at R.H. Mary Corporations from 1982-1992. Mr. Tucci has a Bachelors of Arts in English from Trinity College. (Coach est. 1941, 2010) Next, is Todd Kahn the Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary since he joined Coach in 2008. Prior to joining Coach Todd Kahn held multiple positions for Calypso Christian Celle, Sean John, Accessory Network, InternetCash Corporation, Salant Corporation, Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver, and Jacobson. Mr. Todd has a Bachelors of Science from Touro College and a Juris Doctor from Boston University Law School. He also serves on the board of Directors of the Fashion Institute of Technology Educational Foundation the Fashion Delivers \Charitable Foundation Incorporated, and the National Father’s Day Committee. (Coach est. 1941, 2010) Next is Sarah Dunn the Executive Vice President, Human Recourses since 2008. Previously Ms. Dunn held several executive positions with Thomson Financial, including Executive Vice President, Human Resources and Organizational Development. Ms. Dunn is also a consulting Advisory Board member of Youth, I.N.C. She also has a Bachelors of Science Degree in Human Sciences from University College, London, U.K. and a Masters Degree in Information Science from City University, London. (Coach est. 1941, 2010) Lastly, we have Jane Nielsen the executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since 2011. Jane Nielsen joined Coach after working at PepsiCo, Incorporated and the Global Nutrition Group as their Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since 2009. Prior to this Ms. Nielsen held senior positions in a financial role with PepsiCo, Incorporated, and Pepsi Bottling Group from 1996-2009. From 1990-1996 Ms. Nielsen worked for Marakon Associates and from 1986-1990 she worked at Credit Suisse First Boston. Ms. Nielsen has a BA in Economics from Smith College and an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School. (Coach est. 1941, 2010) Coach has recently been awarded $257 million in a lawsuit against counterfeit Coach merchandise. Coach obtained a default judgment in Illinois Federal Court against individuals and businesses that operate websites selling counterfeit Coach merchandise. The judgment granted Coach 573 internet domain names from which the counterfeit merchandise was sold from. Coach started a litigation campaign called â€Å"Operation Turnlock† in May 2009. Since then, Coach has filed lawsuits to stop counterfeit items from being sold. From these lawsuits, Coach has gain a significant amount of monetary value from them. (Chaudhuri , 2012) Coach also just donated $2 million to the Hurricane Sandy relief efforts. The gift was made to the Red Cross Disaster Relief Fund for rebuilding efforts in the Tri-State area. Coach as also made its employee matching program available, so however much its employees contribute to the American Red Cross Disaster Relief Fund or to other qualified funds, Coach will match the donation Lew Frankfort made a public address saying â€Å"Our hearts go out to the countless number of people affected by the storm.† Since Coach was established in Manhattan, they feel they need to help rebuild their community where they started. (Coach est. 1941, 2010) In 2011 Coach’s Inventory broke down to 63% handbags, 27% accessories, and 10% all other products. This is just a little change from the previous year, where the only difference is 1% moved from accessories to all other products. Currently Coach pays quarterly cash dividends of $0.225 per share. Coach’s cash flow statement shows Net Income for 2011 to be $880,800,000 and the net cash flows provided by operating activities in 2011to be $1,033,271,000. Also, the cash flow statement shows the net cash used in investing activities to be -$59,631,000 and the net cash used in financing activities to be -$875,126,000 in 2011. For the Cash and cash equivalents at end of year 2011 were $699,782,000 with the cash paid for income taxes for 2011 to be $364,493,000 and cash paid for interest for 2011 to be $1,233,000. Lastly, the cash flow statement has for 2011 is the noncash investing activity-property and equipment obligations to be $23,173,000 and $0 for the noncash financing ac tivity-mortgage debt assumed.(http://www.annualreports.com/company/2246 , 2011) Coach just reported its first quarter earnings per share in 2012 to be $0.77. Compared to the previous year, same quarter, the earnings per shares was $0.73. Their sales reported for 2012 first quarter, which ended September 29, 2012, was $1.16 billion. Compared to the previous year where Coach’s sales for the same quarter was only $1.05 billion. This is an 11% increase in sales in just one year. Coach also announced that its Board of Directors has just authorized the repurchase of up to $1.5 billion of its outstanding common stock by June 30,2015. This will make Coach’s earnings per share increase since there will be less outstanding stock. Since we now know the earning per share for Coach we can calculate the price earnings ratio. Coach’s current stock price $57.87. So, Coach’s price earnings ratio is 75.156. (Coach est. 1941, 2010) Stockholder’s equity is total assets minus total liabilities. For Coach, in 2011 the total assets are $2,635,116,000 and the total liabilities are $1,022,547,000. So, the total stockholder’s equity for the year ended July 2, 2011 is $1,612,569,000. For the total liabilities of Coach being $1,022,547,000 only $593,017,000 are current liabilities. Of the current liabilities $118,612,000 is accounts payable, $473,610,000 is accrued liabilities, and $795,000 is current portion of the long term debt. As for the rest of the liabilities $23,360,000 is long term debt and $406,170,000 is other liabilities. (Coach est. 1941, 2010) These numbers first mean that Coach is a continuously growing company that would be labeled at a value company. Which means it doesn’t grow fast, but instead it grows consistently. Also, since its assets and equities make up the majority of Coach’s finances the company appears to be in good standings. Coach is a company that has been around for over 70 years and has been traded publicly for 12 years now, and it seems to have all its finances in order and look like what you would expect for a high-end retail company. There is a bright future for Coach with its experienced executives leading the company to expand its market and try to bet out the competition. The volatility of Coach stock price is reasonable. Obviously people are willing to pay for Coach products even through hard times. Coach’s stock price continues to go up and from past records it has always steadily increased. Coach has a rich history and has been around for a long time so I do not see it crashing anytime in the near future, so I would say the stock price is valid and a good steady long term investment. References Coach est. 1941. (2010, February 3). Retrieved from http://www.coach.com/online/handbags/Home-10551-10051-en?isCollapse=true Reuters: Profile, coach inc.. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?symbol=COH Yahoo finance. (2012). Retrieved from http://finance.yahoo.com/q/co?s=COH Competitors Chaudhuri , S. (2012, November 02). Coach gets $257 million, 573 domain names in counterfeiting lawsuits. Dow Jones Newswires. Retrieved from http://www.foxbusiness.com/news/2012/11/02/coach-gets-257-million-573-domain-names-in-counterfeiting-lawsuit/ http://www.annualreports.com/company/2246. (2011).

The Principles Of Nursing And Health Care

The Principles Of Nursing And Health Care This assignment into principles of nursing and health will explore dimensions of health; it will give an insight to a person who has a condition called multiple sclerosis. Looked at will be what determinants of health are to this person. Underpinning professional, legal and ethical implications surrounding health should the individual require nursing care is of great importance. Finally the assignment will give a reflection of what information has been gained and health concepts on a personal level. 1 Dimensions of health Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. World Health Organisation (WHO 1946) cited in Naidoo (2009). Health means so many different things to different people, someone viewed as having a disease or disability can also feel like they are healthy, as can a person who is physical fit feel unhealthy. Dimensions of health determine health to each individual. There are six different dimensions of health which are; intellectual, physical, emotional, spiritual, social and environmental. Health is looked at as a whole and when being cared for, a holistic approach could be used taking into account all of the dimensions of health. Dimension in more detail are; intellectual this is when a person has the ability or inability to make decisions and judgements reasonably, understanding decisions and consequences of decisions. Physical health is what you can see the size, shape and body function. Emotional is when a pers on is empathetic towards other peoples feelings and has an understanding of their own, and can deal with all different types of emotions as and when they occur. Spiritual health can be having a belief in a god or religion however it has more of an impact on a persons ethics, peace of mind and principles. Social dimension is having relationships with all different types of people for example work colleagues, family and childhood friends. Environmental can be where a person lives and works it could be a poor area or poor working conditions. Across all the dimensions if one is affected this could have a knock on effect to other dimensions or all of them, they usually all go hand in hand, Brooker (2007). 2 Person overview To put principles of health into a reality and have an understanding an example could be an individuals health. Chosen as an example is David Anderson; David is fifty five year old male who was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis in his early thirtys. Multiple sclerosis is a condition which causes a defect in the central nervous system. The myelin sheath which surrounds the nerve fibres comes under attack from the autoimmune system, Corcos (2008). The disease is unpredictable and can affect different people in different ways. Usual symptoms are numbness in limbs, involuntary movements, lethargy, blurry or double vision the list goes on. Multiple sclerosis was identified by the French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot in 1863 who worked in a hospital called Salptrire in Paris. He identified the condition as aclrose en Plaques, Burgess (2010) which mean hardening, this relates to the scaring which causes the damage to the nervous system. David has worked in the same job for over 30 years, it is an outdoor manual position where he walks for long periods of time in a country setting as well as working in a country setting he also lives four miles from his place of work and has no commuting stress. David has been married for 35 years he has three grown up children and three grandchildren. David enjoys spending time playing golf in the summer months and watching sports live and on the TV he also enjoys photography. Davids health has always been very good despite his condition; he has never been on medication other than over the counter analgesics and has never required any kind of treatment. At times the effects of his condition do show but in a very minor way which he has always coped on the surface extremely well. 3 Determinants Determinants are factors which may affect a persons health; this may be in a good way or a bad way, generally and in the health of the above person. Determinants are factors which influence how healthy a person is. These are socio-economic which are cultural and environmental for example where in the country the person lives, living and working conditions for example are the conditions good is there stress involved, social and community networks is there support in place in the community and socially, individual lifestyle factors for example if the person takes regular exercise and eats a balance diet, and age, sex and hereditary factors. Naidoo and Wills as cited in Brooker (2007). Determinants which affect David are difficult to identify, possibly determinants affect him in a positive way. David has a very good life style, and has had a steady job for a long time environmental factors have possibly enhanced the quality of life for David. He spends a lot of time outdoors and feels t his has a positive effect as for long periods of time he lives symptom free from his condition. Social and community factors again are strong in his family who surround him and the networks of doctors in the local GP office are also strong. Around the world the United Kingdom has one of the highest rates of multiple sclerosis in the world, Rog et al (2009) cited in Burgess (2010). It has been said by Ebers et al (2007) cited in Burgess (2010). One in one thousand people in the UK have MS. It has been shown in studies that the further away from the equator the higher the volume of people recorded to have MS. This could be due to the periods of time these areas have sunshine, a vitamin related to sunshine is vitamin D, the body requires sunlight to synthesize vitamin D this vitamin is found in most immune cells and is associated functions including inhibition of the production of cytokines this is known to have a negative effect in MS, Ponsonby et al (2005) cited in Burgess (2010). Sh etland and Orkney in the north of Scotland have the highest rate of cases in the world. Interestingly studies have also shown people who emigrate from country to country before the age of 15 will develop the risk from the country which they have settled in, if the move takes place after the persons 15th birthday it is said the person will retain the risk factor from the country they are originally from. Underpinning professional, legal and ethical principles. Nursing care may be required for David in time and there are a lot of factors to consider when any person is being nursed. Looked at are the underpinning professional, legal and ethical principles involved in nursing a patient. As a professional a nurse has to follow rules which are set by the NMC. The NMC is the Nursing and Midwifery Council they are the governing body for all nurses and midwifes, the NMC have produced a code and within the code there are rules, standards, guidance and advice. NMC The Code (2008). The NMC are a council who if find or have any incidents reported to them will make decisions about fitness to practice, and can discipline or strike a nurse off of the registration if the nurse has failed to follow the code or committed an offence. The main concern of the NMC is to safeguard patients and members of the public and how they are treated by nurses and midwifes. It is said in NMC, The Code (2008) Individuals must be respected and dignity must be maintained. Individuals should not be discriminated against and must also be treated with consideration and kindness. Where required a nurse must seek out help and support from relevant agencies and support networks in the health and social care setting. Respect is an essential part of protecting an individuals confidentiality, information should never be shared other than with relevant people or professionals involved with the care of the person. It is also important that information should be shared if the person is at risk or h arm. An additional part of respecting a person may be concerning their likes and dislikes, communicating is essential when caring for a person or there family to ensure the best possible care is given, this could be ensuring communication can happen without any obstruction for example language or communication requirements possibly providing some kind of aid. Consent is a large part of care giving every time a treatment is given this could be from bathing to giving medication consent must be obtained, if an individual declines consent for treatment this must be respected, as it is a persons right to be involved in any decisions regarding treatment however there is an instance when decision making could be taken away from a person this happens when the mental capacity is compromised. there is a part of legislation which ensures a person who is incapable of making decisions regarding care is safe guarded. As a professional nurse boundaries must be maintained between patients and nurse s it is unacceptable to accept gifts, loans or personal relationships from patients and their families. It is part of the role of a professional to identify risks and people who are taking risks, it is also a duty to report any practices that are putting others at risk. Record keeping is an essential skill which nurses must practice in an accurate way as the records include all of the patients care which has been given or is due to be given, keeping accurate records is imperative as poor records could harm a patients safety and confidentiality. In the case for David he may become ill in time and require nursing care and it may become costly to the government, it is his right to receive care as and when required and be treated with respect and dignity, he may decide he does not want his suffering to be prolonged if his life is nearing an end and any decisions he may take must be upheld. Be open and honest, act with integrity and uphold the reputation of your profession NMC The Code (2008). Following the above statement ensures you comply with the code and also by following the law, being honest and able to identify problems and deal with them in the correct way if anything were to happen in practice. This will ensure care given can be without prejudice and the integrity of the nurse remains intact. NMC (2008) Legal issues which could arise could be in two ways these are civil and criminal. A civil court of law is where an individual person can file a case against another person or organisation when a person has come to harm possibly by neglect. Criminal law is where a person has committed a crime and it is in the publics interest for the person who committed the crime to be prosecuted by a court of law and punished. Personal Concept As I have studied and read more about principles of health it has had a major impact on the importance of knowing what the dimensions of health are, and understanding why a person has maybe become ill or in hospital, and what can be done to help or educate an individual to have a better life style which will lead to improved health. Looking at an individual has also given me an understanding that determinants of health can be positive as well as negative, as having a good life style for someone who has a condition like MS can enhance quality of life. Also if someone has a very poor life style this can lead to conditions like type 2 diabetes, this is generally caused by a very poor diet and by being overweight. Being a nursing is an extremely important role and has very strict guidelines which must be followed. This will ensure accurate information and care is given at all times. By following the NMC code it will ensure that I am respectful of individuals and value people from all walks of life, always leading by example, being accountable for my actions and will always treat people fairly. Conclusion This assignment has looked at dimensions of health, and how different dimensions can have an effect on all of the dimensions, there are six different dimensions which range from emotional to physical, each one is of equal importance and if any one is impaired it can often influence health. An overview of a person who has MS has been given and what determinants affect this persons life, is it good or bad? Professional, legal and ethical principles have been looked at, also and the importances of how these come into play when a person is being nursed. Identifying how the assignment has enhanced a personal view of the nursing profession has also been discussed. It has been identified the importance of being accurate regarding care giving and in record keeping to ensure the best care is given at all times. Brooker C, Waugh A and Watson R. Foundations of Nursing practice fundamentals of holistic care, 2007 Edinburgh Mosby Elsevier. Burgess M, Shedding greater light on the natural history and prevalence of multiple sclerosis British Journal of Neuroscience nursing January 2010 Volume 6 number 1 Corcos J and Shinck E Neurogenic Bladder second edition 2008 Informa Healthcare. Naidoo J and Wills J. Foundations for Health Promotion Third edition 2009 Edinburgh. Nursing and Midwifery Council The Code 2008 World health organization. (WHO) 1948 Preamble to the constitution, Geneva. [online] http://www.who.int/suggestions/faq/en/ [13/11/2010]

Sports Essays Table Tennis China

Sports Essays Table Tennis China Like many other sports, table tennis began as a mild social diversion. Descending from lawn tennis to badminton to the  ancient medieval game of tennis. Table Tennis likely began as a social hobby in England toward the end of the 1800s. These early pioneers may have referred to their sport as gossima, flim-flam, or ping-pong. The game became a huge fun event after the name Ping-Pong, the noise made by the ball striking the table, was introduced by J. Jacques Son. It became very popular in England under its present name â€Å"Ping-Pong.† (Hickok) By the early years of this century, Ping-Pong had already acquired some of its present day complexities, but it was still used by many as an after-dinner amusement game rather than a sport. Dining-room tables made up some of the early equipment that was used. Several different every-day objects were used to play the sport. They used a line of books as the net; rackets were lids from empty cigar boxes, and then a little later, parchment paper stretched around a frame created a paddle. The ball would be either a ball of string, or perhaps more commonly, a champagne cork or rubber ball. The game underwent a few changes in England in the next few years. One person introduced a celluloid ball to the game, while another added pimpled rubber to the wooden paddle. These additions were used by many and advanced on by others. Some box sets can still be bought from Milton Bradley. (Bradley) The game was very popular in Central Europe in 1905 to 1910, but even this was a modified version that was introduced to Japan, where it later spread to China and Korea to become a huge popular sport in these countries. (Museum) The Japanese dominated the sport for much of the 50s and 60s. But in the 60s and 70s, the Chinese soon caught up with the Japanese. China alone has dominated the sport for much of the time since then, especially after Table Tennis became an Olympic event in the 1980s. For a reason unknown, the Chinese took table tennis as their national sport. And most other countries cant really touch them in skill. Alone from China four of the top ten from both male and female live here including number one. Now other nations such as Sweden and South Korea have joined the top ranks. For a while in Europe, it lost its fun and became very unpopular to play. Then in the early twenties, it regained its popularity and became a sport. In 1926 the International Table Tennis Federation, ITTF, was formed. By that time it had adopted its new name of Ping-Pong, while also being called table tennis. It started to become so popular that organizations and federations developed and rules and regulations were made. (Museum) Over the next sixty years, table tennis developed into a major worldwide sport. Today it is said that a rough 30 thousand people play competitively, and another million to 2 million play in household rooms and garages. Although it has became faster and harder to play, the game itself has not lost its â€Å"gentlemans† sport aura. One major concern that the ITTF has always insured that table tennis remains a contest of human skills. Also, they are very concerned with technological developments, which add a new factor to the game like the spin and speed of a paddle or bat, do not give too great an advantage to the players who get to use these developments. Therefore, equipment specifications are carefully laid down, and rigorously enforced. (Museum) Other changes like lowering of a net, is a big rule that shouldnt be broken. Rules preventing excessive advantage being gained by the server-were introduced in the thirties, and only minor changes are made from time to time. Changes to the rules of the sport can only be made only at the ITTFs Biennial General Meeting. These changes are never made without the agreement of a substantial majority of the hundred members in Associations represented at the BGM. In this vote everyone is equal. This is kind of like the UN Security Council too, if they want to veto a rule or movement, just one person can stop the rule or movement. Modern table tennis at a high rank is as rigorous as any sport in its demands for the highest degree of physical fitness and mental concentration. Very physical and arduous training to develop natural skills for the sport usually attains this. Fred Perry in 1928-29 became the World Mens Singles Table Tennis Champion, and then in the following years he became a champion at Wimbledon. Many say he moved to the tennis court because his reactions got slower. But it is certainly true that no other sport requires faster reactions and more delicate muscular co-ordination than ping-pong. (Museum) According to a PBS article: One of the first public hints of improved U.S.-China relations came on April 6, 1971. This happened when the American Ping-Pong team in Japan for the 31st World Table Tennis Championship, received a surprise invitation from their Chinese colleagues for an all-expense paid visit to the Peoples Republic. Time magazine called it The ping heard round the world. On April 10, nine players, four officials, and two spouses stepped across a bridge from Hong Kong to the Chinese mainland, ushering in an era of Ping-Pong diplomacy. They were the first group of Americans allowed into China since the Communist takeover in 1949.(Dean) In table tennis there are very many different strokes, different swings, and different stances. I, myself as a ping-pong player, use the shake-hand grip. I use this grip for very many reasons. One reason would have to be that it feels the most comfortable to me. It feels way more natural and comfortable rather than the pen-hold grip. I have a lot more speed and control when I hit a hard move or hit. Another reason is because if someone hits the ball really fast back to me, then I am ready and I can hit back a very fast stroke back. In this style I can hit a backhand or forehand as fast as my body will let me. Also when I use this grip I can hit the ball to any spot on the table. When I use the pen-hold grip, I cant usually hit the ball where I want to. In table tennis, professionals play with either the shake-hand grip or the pen-hold grip. I myself use this grip. I have more control and more speed when I use this style. The shake-hand grip is appropriately named because you hold the paddle as if you were shaking someones hand, with your index finger extending over the bottom part of the rubber on the backhand side and your thumb slightly touching the rubber on the forehand side. (Bradley, Milton) The pen-hold grip is also appropriately named because you hold the paddle just like a pen, only grasping the paddle at the top of the handle. Because of this, people that use this grip get a paddle with a more comfortable handle to use this grip. The wrist flick is almost always done from the backhand side. The opponent usually does it to return a serve or to return a ball hit very short and low. (Bradley) The counter is used against topspin balls, which you have no time to loop. This stroke requires very little forward arm motion, but it is extremely important that you angle and position your paddle correctly. If it is hard topspin, you must angle your paddle downward, so the ball is forced not to pop up when you hit it. If it is soft topspin, do angle your paddle so its nearly facing the opponent. If hitting either a backhand or a forehand, the paddle should only move forward about a foot during the complete shot. (Bradley) All in all, ping-pong has a long history of ups and downs. It started in the end of the 1800s and has since then become very popular. From all countries there have been many people that have played their way to the top of ping-pong history. There are a lot of different strokes and spin moves in the game of ping-pong. There are two main grips, pen-hold grip and shake-hold grip which are used in all games of ping-pong. Works Cited: Deen, Alfred. History of Table Tennis. PongWorld. 2000. PongWorld. 31 Jan 2008 . Hickok, Ralph. Table Tennis. Hickok Sports.com. Monday, 17-Dec-2007 11:26:23. Hickok Sports. 4 Feb 2008 . International Table Tennis Federation museum, The History of Table Tennis. Robbins Table Tennis Specialties. 2007. Robbins Table Tennis Specialties, Inc.. 31 Jan 2008 http://www.robbinstabletennis.com/history.htm ITTF Museum. A Comprehensive History of Table Tennis. ITTF Museum. ITTF Museum. 4 Feb 2008 . Milton Bradley, The History of Table Tennis. Table Tennis History. Fortune City. 4 Feb 2008 . Willcox, Isobel. Acrobats Ping~Pong. 13438. New York: Dodd, mead Company, 1981.

Discovering Communities on the Internet :: Computers Technology Papers

"Discovering Communities on the Internet" Section I Online Communities Online communities seem to be very popular these days. I feel there is two different types of online communities. One type is where people converse during real time, meaning an individual could typically ask a question and will receive an immediate response from someone else. The immediate responses result in a dialogue between two or more people. Bulletin Boards are also popular because they are similar to an online community. The bulletin boards allow people to share ideas. To my understanding, the main difference between the two is that someone posts an idea on the board, and another person responds to the inquiry or statement by posting his response. Both of these places allow people to have discussions of all kinds and for a variety of reasons. Some people may think that an online community is where they met their significant others. Other people think an online community allows them to find the house or car of his dream. Also, people will ask for advice or ideas about something that is going on in life. There are advantages and disadvantages in chatting with communities. Some of the advantages are as follows: people are connected with the world and the diversity of people; people are able to find out other people's interests and ideas; people can learn about a different person's perspective. Some disadvantages in chatting with communities are as follows: people can learn how scary and different people really are; people can lie to you with out you even knowing the truth. I have had personal experience with chat communities and I have found great success. I have used chat communities for educational purposes. When I have chatted with communities I felt at ease. For example instead of having a class discussion I chatted with my classmates online. This way of discussing ideas was neat, because at first I did not know who I was talking to, then eventually I did figure out who I was chatting with. Another reason why I have enjoyed chat room discussions versus in class discussions is because people had the opportunity to speak their minds over the computer and they were not hesitant or shy. People did not have to face humiliation from the teacher or other classmates by their vocal answer. Chat rooms allow everyone to be able to participate and get involved in the class.

A Letter From Romeo and Juliets Lawyer :: William Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet

Rosaline CapuletVerona, ItalyDear Madam Capulet:I am writing to inform you that you are hereby charged with the hannus crime of murder, as the cause of many deaths and misery. You are at fault for all that has happened in the fair Verona, Italy, and are now dually charged with the following crimes: Two counts of murder in the first degree, one count of false banishment, and a high amount of counts of disturbing the peace. The reason for this is lengthy and will be described in the following letter. First of all, you were the first love of the young Romeo Montague, my client. Because you refused to marry anyone, let alone my client, you cause him tremendous grief and suffering. You turned my client into the epitome of melancholy and depression. If not for his love of you, he would never have been so mournful.Second, you, unknowingly, forced him to meet up with his future wife, Juliet Capulet, your cousin, daughter of the Lord Capulet. The Lord Capulet sent a messenger to announce the celebration to all his guests. This messenger, being illiterate, turned to Romeo and his cousin Benvolio Montague, for help reading the list. When Romeo saw that you were to attend, he decided to attend also. Out of his love for you, he came to that party, and at this party, he met Juliet, his future wife.Now, we cannot put the blame for them falling in love on you. However, it is of the opinion of the court that you, Rosaline, tendered Romeo's heart, making him prone to fall in love easily. This may also have caused his easiness to slip in and out of moods. This is shown when he, at first was against all fights and was trying to keep the peace between his friend Mercutio, and enemy Tybalt. Soon after Tybalt slay Mercutio, Romeo suddenly had a change of heart and avenged his friends death, and for this reason was banished from his hometown Verona.

Macbeth And Lady Macbeth, A dealike Butcher And A fiend? Essay

"This dead like butcher and his fiend like queen" is this a fair description of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth? Malcolm made the remark "This dead like butcher and his fiend like queen," when he was crowned as the king of Scotland, after Macbeth's reign of terror. It becomes questionable upon the fairness of this justification, whether or not Macbeth was really a "butcher" and whether or not Lady Macbeth was a "fiend." In some ways, Macbeth would have fit the description of being a "butcher," after all, he had taken the lives of many people, some of them were even close associates of Macbeth. He assassinated Duncan, the king, in order to gain the throne, as he says, "I have done the deed" He also murdered Banquo, who was his best friend, due to two different reasons. The first is the witches' prophecies, which predicted that Banquo's son is to become king, and secondly, there is a sense that Banquo has his suspicions on the assassinator of the king. Acting under the name of fear, he slaughtered Lady Macduff and her son, due to the prophecies made by the witches, "Beware the thane of Fife" Macbeth only resolved himself into a far more stereotypical villain when he felt that he had gone to far, as he says, "I am in blood stepped I do far." His ambition of staying king now begins to spur him toward further horrifying deeds, and he starts to disregard and even challenge fate and fortune. Each successive murder reduces his human characteristics still further, until he appears to be the more dominant partner in the marriage. Nevertheless, the new-found resolve, which causes Macbeth to "wade" onward into his self-created river of blood, is persistently alarmed by supernatural events, the ghost of Banquo, an evidence suggesting Macbeth isn't at the right state of mind, that his guilt has affected him deeply. Macbeth was also seen as a ruthless tyrannical king, as he is referred to by Malcolm and Macduff, as "tyrant," and "a devil." In order to protect his title, Macbeth had to murder those who get in his way, and he even planted spies in every household in Scotland. Near to the end, Macbeth has even, "Forgot the taste of fears" It's as if he had overcome fear, which had made him able to be ruthless, and murderous. On the other hand the j... ...an interpret Lady Macbeth as, the dominant, commanding wife with an ambition to be queen bigger that Macbeth's ambition of being King. Or the manipulative wife, whose ambition is just as big as Macbeth. Lady Macbeth may be described as a fiend by Malcolm, and may have been a fiend to an extent, that she manipulated her husband into doing the things Macbeth has done, which may have been against Macbeth's will. She also accused her husband on being a coward, showing that she could fit the description as a fiend. However, she is not what we would call as purely evil, or lacking humanity, because she, is after all, a woman, whose instinct still remains with her, despite what she had done. She was also washed over by guilt, and became mentally deranged, even before Macbeth. Overall, the remarks that Malcolm made may have their justifications, as to an extent, both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are a pair of "butcher and his fiend queen". However, to an extent these justifications may not fit either Macbeth or Lady Macbeth, as they have had their own humanity within them, as if the "butcher" and "fiend" were just a part of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth's alter ego.

Mccarthy Paper

Ubiquitous Love In the novels, The Road and All the Pretty Horses, by Cormac McCarthy, McCarthy shows through symbolism and setting, that ever-present love is a basic human need. In The Road, the boy symbolizes faith, and is the source of never-ending love. All the Pretty Horses, the horses symbolize an unfallen spirit, and is the basis of a deep love. In The Road, the desolate and godless world proves to be unforgiving, yet there is a beacon of light and love found through the boy. In All the Pretty Horses, the beautiful yet disappearing Wild West is a source of pain, but also love. McCarthy uses symbolism in both of his novels, to show an underlying importance, and to further enhance his overall theme of needing something concrete to love. In The Road, McCarthy shows how a father and son’s relationship is based off of the father’s unconditional love for the boy. McCarthy writes; â€Å"Can I ask you something? Yes. Of course you can. What would you do if I died? If you died I would want to die too. So you could be with me? Yes. So I could be with you. Okay† (McCarthy 11). This quote dives deep into how the man feels about the boy. Through this quote, the man fully expresses that he would not want to live if he had to live without the boy. The boy proves here to be the man’s only hope and the source of what keeps him going. The boy symbolizes faith in a godless and desolate world. In All the Pretty Horses, horses hold deep importance and meaning for John Grady Cole as he adventures away from home. McCarthy writes, â€Å"What he loved in horses was what he loved in men, the blood and the heat of the blood that ran them† (McCarthy 7). In this quote, John Grady Cole simply, but quite deeply displays his undeniable love for horses. John Grady Cole goes as far as to say that he loves horses equally as much as he loves mankind, and that both horse and man have similar qualities. McCarthy gives great symbolism to the horse, as it is being compared to mankind. Horses symbolize an unfaltering spirit that John Grady Cole so dearly idolizes as he experiences pain and anguish while his beloved Wild West slips through his fingers. The horses are the only thing that John Grady Cole can hold onto from the Wild West. He will hold on strong, no matter what happens to him, and will love horses as he loves mankind. In both The Road and All the Pretty Horses, McCarthy symbolizes holding onto something and never wanting to let go in both the boy and the horses. The boy and the horses prove to be something that is ever-present that the main characters in the novels can love unconditionally. McCarthy uses setting to further enhance plot and the theme that ever-present love is a basic human need. In The Road, McCarthy creates a desolate and destroyed world that the man and the boy find themselves trapped in. McCarthy writes, â€Å"When he woke in the woods in the dark and the cold of the night he’d reach out to touch the child sleeping beside him. Nights dark beyond darkness and the days more gray each one than what had gone before. Like the onset of some cold glaucoma dimming away the world. His hand rose and fell softly with each precious breath† (McCarthy 1). In this quote, McCarthy sets the stage for what the world looks like. He describes it as extremely dark, and uses the simile of glaucoma to physically describe the Man and Boy’s experiences. The sight of this new, harmed world basically deteriorates your sight, as the world is no long worth looking at. McCarthy also uses strong and consistent word choice with dark, darkness, gray, cold and dimming. These words give rise to the depressing setting that the Man and the Boy are in. Also in this quote, describes the man’s love and protectiveness for the boy. McCarthy uses juxtaposition here to show that despite the dark, dreary and ever discouraging world they are in, there is a strong and deep love that can overcome any type of desperation. In All the Pretty Horses, McCarthy paints a beautiful country whose culture is slowly diminishing. McCarthy writes, â€Å"They rode out along the fence line and across the open pasture-land†¦The light fell away behind them. They rode out on the high prairie where they slowed the horses to a walk and the stars swarmed around them out of the blackness. They heard somewhere in that tenantless night a bell that tolled and ceased where no bell was and they rode out on the round dais of the earth which alone was dark and no light to it and which carried their figures and bore them up into the swarming stars so that they rode not under but among them† (McCarthy 30). In this quote, McCarthy sets up John Grady’s world with incredible imagery, describing the open fields, prairies and the abundance of stars that consume them. John Grady’s world is picturesque and seems quite perfect as the feeling of this quote is quite calming. But, in the face of this beauty, John Grady is still faced with the ever-present disappearance of the Wild West culture. Although McCarthy finds sadness in the beauty, John Grady is yet again placed with his horses. McCarthy describes the men and their horses as â€Å"they† showing an unbreakable bond. In both The Road and All the Pretty Horses, McCarthy uses contrasting settings to ultimately unite them by showing that ever-present love can be found no matter where you are. In the novels, The Road and All the Pretty Horses, McCarthy shows through symbolism and setting that ever-present love is a basic human need. He cleverly displays this by providing similar and contrasting elements. Humans need to know that they have something constant and concrete to love in order to survive. People tend to struggle when faced with challenges alone. The presence of something to love; whether it is a son, or a horse, is essential. This love is what drives the human race to overcome obstacles and barriers throughout life. McCarthy, Cormac. All the Pretty Horses. New York: Knopf, 1992. Print. McCarthy, Cormac. The Road. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006. Print.

Developing Ecotourism

Developing Eco holidaymakerry The Prospect of Bakkhali theme Project prepargond nether Rajiv Gandhi professorship Preface This project has been prep argond downstairs the aegis of Rajiv Gandhi Chair in Eco -systems & de di solariseiteable Development under the supervision of prof Sarmila Banerjee by the Masters canvas aim students in political economy with specialization in imagery & Environmental Economics of the University of Calcutta. Prof. Banerjee has initiated us to the issues cogitate to economy- surroundings interface and convinced us close to the importance of the nonion of eco touristry to sparing aid the immaculate solve keep going.We be extremely g enjoinful to Professor Banerjee for her dynamical articulationicipation and railway caring support kernelly through with(predicate) push through. In this backdrop we tried to collate discip statement on different aspects of Eco touristry from our field hinge on to Bakkhali, a sm completely-scale w eaken of the Sundarban mangrove woods ecosystem of due west Bengal. We enjoyed our venture in this newly motivateled terrain of environsal sparings and learnt to oceanrch for study from the internet, write drawing descriptions of the issues, prep ar presentation slides and fina lly to give an co-ordinated regulate to the total project.Finally, it has been the collective office of all the students of this course of the batch 2010-2012. Semester IV Re generator and Environmental Economics M. Sc. (Economics) University of Calcutta June 8, 2012 ii Table of limit No. Contents Preface Table of Contents Ecotourism 1. 1 Different forms of touristry in India 1. 2 Future prospects of tourism 1. 3 Impacts of tourism 1. 4 Promoting ecotourism in India 1. 5 The principles adopt by those studyd in Ecotourism 1. 6 Why ecotourism? Page No. ii iii iv 1-8 2. Ecosystem rise 2. 1 Ecosystem and its Importance . 2 Ecosystem Approach 2. 3 death penalty of Ecosystem Approach 9 11 3. V aluing Bio loonsity 3. 1 Why pry Ecosystem? 3. 2 Motivation for an economic e paygrade of ecosystem run 3. 3 Bio transmutation 3. 4 evaluation of Bio change 3. 5 Biodiversity presentping 12 15 4. concourses Biodiversity Register (PBR) 4. 1 prey of PBR formation 4. 2 exercisefulness of PBR 4. 3 Information recorded in PBR 4. 4 Major bearings of collecting data for PBR 4. 5 interconnectedness in an Ecosystem 16 18 5. Sundarban A modified Ecosystem 5. 1 Sundarban Eco parting Introduction 5. 2Sundarban Fresh piss dowse t genius overthrows 5. 3 Sundarban mangroves 5. 4 Sand Dunes ecologic Set up 5. 5 Biodiversity of Sundarban 5. 6 aliveness in Sundarban 5. 7 drill of Mangrove Resources Comprised 5. 8 Re cen fourth dimension Developments & their Impacts 5. 9 Man-Animal Conflict 5. 10 Threats to Sundarban & Climatic vulnerability 19 33 1. iii 6. Ecotourism in Bakkhali A Fringe Part of Sundarban 6. 1 Bakkhali 6. 2 Accessibility 6. 3 singularity 6. 4 Frasergunj, atomic go 1 Is teetotal vote aside & Jwambudwip 6. 5 floral Diversity at Bakkhali & Henry I special K sense 6. 6 Faunal Diversity at Bakkhali & Henry Island . 7 Avian Diversity at Bakkhali & Henry Island 6. 8 Livelihood on Biodiversity 6. 9 Market Sharing 6. 10 separate Observations 6. 11 Threats from tourism 6. 12 Our Suggestions iv 34 45 I. ECOTOURISM diversification to establish one of the fastest ontogenesis economic celestial spheres in the world. tourism has run woeful a thriving global indu stry with the power to limit developing countries in twain positive and blackball ways. Consequently, it is the fourth largest industry in the global economy and in India it contri scarcees to a large keep uportion of the National Income 6. 3% to the national GDP and 8. 78% of the conglomeration participation thus generating colossal employment opportunities (Wikipedia). 1. 1 Different forms of Tourism in India The Indian g e very(prenominal)(prenominal)placenment, i n order to go on tourism of unlike kinds in India, has fate up the Ministry of Tourism and Culture. T his ministry latterly launched a campaign called I bl I ff y f I .T track is go toward niche segments of tourism (as shown in inning 1 infra). protrude 1 Different Forms of Tourism in India 1. 2 Future prospects of TourismAccording to the latest Tourism orbiter Accounting (TSA) look, released by the World travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) and its strategic partner Oxford Economics in March 2009 1 ? The pauperism for travel and tourism in India is evaluate to explicate by 8. 2 per cent among 2010 and 2019 and leave place India at the third position in the world. ? Indias travel and tourism sector is expected to be the second largest employer in the world. Considering the ever growing importance of this industry it is necessary we tumblel for ways that go away be sustainable in the wide run. wikipedia) 1. 3 Impacts of tourism Positive Impacts 1. Generating Incom e and Employment Tourism in India has emerged as an instrument of income and employment generation, pauperization alleviation and sustainable homophile information. 2. brutish of Foreign Exchange Earnings Tourism is an grand source of un corresponding switch everyplace earnings in India. This has affirmative advert on the balance of payment of the country. 3. rescue of National Heritage and Environment Tourism functions concern several places which argon of historical importance by declaring them as heritage sites.For antecedent, the Taj Mahal, the Qutab Minar, Ajanta and Ellora temples, and so on would waste been decayed and dest royed had it non been for the efforts interpreted by Tourism incision to p concord them. Likewise, tourism excessively jockstraps in conserving the ind head skiping habitats of galore(postnominal) endangered species. 4. Developing foot Tourism tends to encourage the horticulture of mult iple function topic of operations that progress tos the horde community, including various means of exiles, wellness c ar facilities, and sports centers, in addition to the hotels and mel minuscule -end restaurants that cater to foreign visitors.The learning of infrastructur e has in turn induced the development of separate in a flash cropive activities. 2 5. Promoting Peace and Stability Honey and Gilpin (2009) suggests that the tourism industry elicit in any case help promote peace and stability in developing country analogous India by providing jobs, generating income, diversifying the economy, valueing the surroundings, and promoting cross-ethnical aw beness. 6. Contri unlessions to G everyw here(predicate)nment R make upues The Indian g everywherenment through the tourism incision as well as collect money in much far get aheading and confirmative ways that argon not colligate to specific parks or conservation beas.User fees, income taxes, taxes on sales or term of a contract of recreation equipment, and license fees for activities much(prenominal) as rafting and slanting tail assembly volunteer goernments with the bullion ne eded to manage inbred resources. ostracise Impacts 1. Un sought after(prenominal) Social and Cultural wobble Tourism round(a) measures led to the decease of the affable fabric of a community. The much tourists come into a place, the much the sensed risk of that place losing its identity. 2. Increase s take on and Hostility Tourism tidy sum augment tension, hostility, and suspicion amongst the tourists and the topical anaesthetic communities when in that enjoy is no respect and f l y flf . T yf premise to abandon and otherwise crimes committed against the tourists. 3. Creating a smell out of Antipathy Tourism brought little acquire to the local anaesthetic community. More everywhere, large hotel chain restaurants a level-headed deal import nutrition to satisfy foreign visitors and r arly emp loy local staff for aged commission positions, preventing local farmers and workers from reaping the advance of their presence. This has lots created a sense of antipathy towards the tourists and the government. 4.Adverse ca enjoyment on Environment and Eco logy superstar of the virtually important adverse effect of tourism on the milieu is branch gouge on the carrying capacity of the ecosystem in each tourist locality. Increased revel and spin activities led to large carapace de woodwind instrumentation and destabilisation of immanent landforms, darn increase 3 tourist fertilise led to increase in warm waste dumping as well as depletion of pissing and burn resources. crash of tourists to ecologically excellent areas go outed in goal of rare and endangered species out-of-pocket to trampling, killing, racket of breeding habitats.Noise contamination from vehicles and public look at systems, body of peeing pollution, vehicular emissions, untreated sewage, etc. as well p lump for direct effect on bio -diversity, ambient milieu and normal profile of tourist spots. 5. Depletion of earthy resources Tourism development raft put pressure on pictorial resources when it increases consumption in areas where resources are already scarce. 6. Destruction and modification of Ecosystem Attractive adorn sites, much(prenominal) as flaxen margines in Goa, Maharashtra, Kerala, Tamil Nadu lakes, riversides, and fold tops and slopes, are ofttimes transitional orders, characterized by species- lively ecosystems.The threats to and pressures on these ecosystems are oft severe beca occasion much(prenominal) places are really attractive to two tourists and developers. Examples may be cited from Krushedei Island burn up Rameswaram. Moreover, habitat bathroom be degraded by tourism unemployed activities. For example, raving mad purport viewing can bring intimately stress for the wights and alter their subjective demeanour when tourists come too clo se. Safaris and rampantlylife watching activities shape a degrading effect on habitat as they much are accompanied by the noise and fray created by tourists. double 2 shows the kindred carry ons classified under many other categories.Thus, the apprize of the very environmental and socio ethnic assets that attract travellers can erode over time. This is particularly the case where tourism development is unregulated, blinkered by volume harvest-time, and foc utilize all on short -term economic benefits. This is unsustainable and imperious and completely unacceptable in the twenty- jump century. Tourism in India should be demonstrable in such a way that it accommodates and entertains visitors in a way that is minimally intrusive or destructive to the environment and sustains & supports the congenital socializations in the locations it is operating in.Moreover, since tourism is a multi-dimensional activity, and basically a avail industry, 4 get in 2 mixture of Impacts of Tourism it would be necessary that all wings of the Central and State governments, mystical sector and voluntary organisations make up active partners in the endeavour to attain sustainable branch in tourism if India is to become a world player in the tourism industry. Also, Eco tourism needs to be promoted so that tourism in India helps in preserving and sustaining the diversity of the Indias rude(a) and cultural environments. It can scarce be summarized as shown in belief 1. 1. 1Promoting ecotourism in India Fun occludeentally, eco-tourism means devising as little environmental impact as possible and helping to sustain the indigenous populace, on that pointby encouraging the saving of wildlife and habitats when visiting a place. This is the respons ible form of tourism and tourism development, which encourages going back to natural products in every aspect of life. It is withal the key to sustainable ecological development. The multinational Eco tourism Society res tricts eco-tourism as answerable travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well- be of local peck. ( wikipedia) Pictue 1 Eco-tourism simply separated The key players in the ecotourism handicraft are governments at levels, the local authorities, the developers and the operators, the visitors, and the local community. Each one of them has to be sensitive to the environment and local traditions and fol economic crisis a set of guidelines for the successful development of ecotourism. 1. 2 Principles fol pathetic in Ecotourism The principles that are adopted by those who are involved in Eco -tourism can be listed as shown below ? To minimize the blackball impacts on environment. ? To manikin environmental and cultural awareness and respect ?To provide positive experienc es for both visitors and hosts ? To provide direct financial benefits for saving ? To provide financial benefits a nd empowerment for local race ? To terminate sensitivity to hos t countries political, en vironmental, and social clime ? To support international kind-hearted pay offs (www. ecotourism. org/what-is-ecotourism) 6 and labour agreements Scientific and research institutions and non-government organisations can withal play close to images in promoting ecotourism (i) Create awareness, among all pertain, nearly the importance of sound eco -practices in tourism development ii) Motivate the local communit ies to increase their involvement in sustainable tourism activities (iii) Organise training programs to prepare the local people to reconcile up various vocations think to ecotourism (www. ecotourism. org/what-is-ecotourism) All these principles are summed up in figure 3, where their linkage is overly shown with the arrow-heads. 6. Emphasizes the need for training and sustainable growth of the tourism industry 1. Avoid negative impacts on natural & cultural environment 2. Educates the traveller on the importance of preservation PRINCIPLES OF ECOTOURISM 5.Stressing the entertain accustom of of locallyowned facilities and function. 3. Directs revenues to the conservation of natural areas and the focussing of protected areas 4. Brings economic benefits to local communities depict 3 Principles of Eco -tourism 1. 3 Why ecotourism? near wilderness areas across India are thin ecosystems that provide a whole host of ecosystem ser vices to local residents and people living downriver and continue to re chief(prenominal) important tourist attractions. However, unplanned tourism in such adorns can destroy the very environment that attracts such tourism in the first place.Hence, there is a need to work towards a model of tourism that is matched with these fr mobile landscapes. Such tourism is low impact, educational, and conserves the environment objet dart directly benefiting the economic development of local communities. It has the 7 scope to link to a b bridle-pathr constituency and haoma conservation support wh ile education awareness close the worth and breakability of such ecosystems in the public at large. It in addition promotes the non-consumptive physical exercise of wilderness areas, for the benefit of local communities living around, and myrmecophilous on these fragile landscapes.Thus, tourism can be authentic a foresighted with the conservation of the ecosystem. 8 II. ECOSYSTEM APPROACH 2. 1 Ecosystem and its importance Ecosystem is a dynamic complex of plants, animals & micro-organism communities & the non-living environment interacting as a functional unit. And it is this interconnectedness that forms the middleman feature of such a system. rock-loving ecosystems are all-important(a) for human well- existence, as they provide inva luable functions and inspection and repairs including sustaining living resources. The health of ecosystems is therefore not whole essential to the environment, but alike important to the human race and l y. T b f E y A . 2. 2 Ecosystem Approach Ecosystem plan of attack is basically a strategy for the integrated caution of land, irrigate and living resources that promotes not barely conservation but withal sustainable use in an equitable way. It is based on the cover o f give up scientific modeologies foc utilize on levels of biologic organization, which encompass the essential structure, processes, functions and interactions among organisms and their environment. It recognizes that humans, with their cultural diver sity, are an integral component of many ecosystems.However, coin bank date, it has not been possible to find any particular form of this get on. Ecosystem approach is based on any(prenominal) principles which withdraw the economy to be anthropocentric. And since ecosystem is a rich resource for human order of magnitude, the integrated focus of the biotic and abiotic components must ensure sustain use so as to unsp fossil oiled it for future generations. These principles state that the objectives of management of land, weewee and living resources are a result of societal choice and management should be decentralized to the lowest ap airplane propellerriate level.This approach should be undertaken at the appropriate spacial and temporal scale because time and spatial dimensions are equally important. This approach should also consider all forms of relevant information including scientific, handed-down and local fellowship, innovative 9 practices and al to the highest degree importantly, it should be open to changes. Finally, this should involve all relevant sectors of so ciety and scientific discipline s. 2. 3 Implementation of Ecosystem Approach The International Union for Conservation of genius and Natural Resources (IUCN) identifies three steps for the execution of instrument of ecosystem approach.These steps are in consistency with the above mentioned principles (Figure 4). Let us list these steps in much detail. Figure 4 Major mistreats for Impleme ntation of Ecosystem Approach (Adapted from R. Costanza et al. The value of the Worlds ecosystem Services and Natural Capital, record vol. 387(1997) Step A It deals with the most embarrassing issues of defining an ecosystem area identifying th e stake inclu cervids and developing a relation amongst the two. It is topper to work simultaneously on defining the ecosystem area and determining the stake compriseers who go away support the selection and management of that area.Whether we start with area or with stake holders, 10 it will take substantial time and effort to achieve a operable fit. Howover, this step qualifies as the most important step because a proper management of the ecosystem by the stakeholders and a mutually unspoiled relationship amidst the two can not notwith basising bring desirable results but also ensure on-key co instauration. On the other hand, an improper management might lead to exploitation collectable to overuse and significant endangering of the ecosystem, disrupting its sustainability for future generations . Step BThis stage involves characterizing the structure and function of the ecosystem, and place setting in place mechanisms to manage and manage it. The most productive way involves scientists and local inhabitants working together , as the conventional and scientific knowledge are belike to be complementary, though different. Step C Step C essentially deals with reduce market induced distortions on ecosystem. Valuation in case of environmental well-behaved has always been a worry since these are non marketed goods. Hence market distortion should be corrected at an early stage.Here we may apply the concept of derived market to start out at a proper valuation apply correct market instruments-Mekong river handbasin case study showed overvaluation of dam and irrigation schemes. This should be corrected using best possible knowledge. The interlink age between the components should be properly identified while ma king the cost benefit analysis. dole out should be taken to avoid over extraction of resources. Proper incentive should be created among the people for wise use of biodiversity. unmatched may bring political will in necessary issues. 11 III. VALUING BIODIVERSITY 3. 1 Why to value Ecosystem?The renovations of ecological systems and the natural capital stocks that elapse them l f f E l f -support system. They contribute to human wel practise, both directly and indirectly, and therefore represent part of the total economic value of the planet. For the entire biosphere, ,the received economic value of 17 ecosystem services for 16 biomes, based on published studies and a fewer received calculations, is estimated to be in the project of US$1654 trillion per year, with an amount of US$33 trillion per year. Because of the nature of uncertainties, this must be considered as a minimum estimate.Global gross national product total is around US$18 trillion per year. For example, the a verage forest benefit in the Med theatrical role amounts to about 1% of GDP. Indirect use value such as weewee-shed protection, contributes about 35% of total estimated value. ( Source Adapted from R. Costanza et al. T l f W l y S N lC l N l. 387(1997)p. 256 table 2) 3. 2 Motivation for an economic evaluation of ecosystem services ? Ecosystems provide a wide array of goods and services of value to people. ? Provision of ecosystems services oftentimes is not factored into import ant decisions that mend ecosystems.Distortions in decision making damage the provision of ecosystems services making human society and the environment poorer. (Valuing Ecosystem servicesadvantages & disadvantages of existing methodologies and application to PES by Daniel Perrot Maitre (Seminar on environment services and financing for the protection and sustainable use of ecosystem Geneva,10-11 October 2005IUCN ) 3. 3 Biodiversity Variation in the living part of ecology is called biologic diversity or biodiversity. This term is most commonly use to replace the more understandably defined and large open terms, species diversity and species richness.Biologists most often define 12 biodiversity as the totality of genes, species, and ecosystems of a region. An advantage of this definition is that it seems to describe most circumstances and presents a unify view of the traditional three levels at which biologic variety has been identified . (www. portal. gsi. gov. in/) in that respect are three forms of biodiversity Ecosystem diversity It refers to the diversity of a place at the level of ecosystems the variety of species and ecological processes that go through in different physical settings.Species diversity It is the effective number of different species that are delineate in a arrangement of individuals (a dataset). Genetic diversity It refers to the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic composing of a species (www. portal. gsi. gov. in/) Biodiversity is indeed a major(ip) contributor to the economy through the provision of many ecosystem goods and services. It is intrinsic to the set of beauty and tranquillity. many a(prenominal) Australians place a utmost value on native plants and animals, which contribute to a sense of cultural identity, spiritual enrichment and recreation.In fact, biodiversity is central to the cultures of Aboriginal and Torres strait Islander peoples. There is also a link between biodiversity and aliment. This is because a persons accompaniment refers to means of securing the necessities of life. Th is extends to intromit social and cultural means, i. e. the command an individual, family, or other social base has over an income and/or bundles of resources that can be apply or exchanged to satisfy its needs. For instance a fishermans aliveness depends on the handiness and accessibility of the diversity of fish.Therefore valuation of biodiversity is very important in our daily life. (www. portal. gsi . gov. in/) 3. 4 Valuation of Biodiversity The Value of Biodiversity (Figure 5) Includes both Use Values and Non-Use Values? Use set let in direct use (both consumptive and non-consumptive), indirect use, and option determine 13 Direct-use Values Hunting, direct -consumption (e. g. appeal of berries, mushrooms, b l ll ) ll b y tourism . Indirect-use Values Ecosystem services such as pollination, habitat for other species, sustaining victuals chains, and other uses are indirect -use values. Non-use values include bequest values and existence values (http//www. biospherenursery. com/pages/whatisabioscape. html ) Value of Biodiversity generate use value-market based Future use value-option value Direct use value -conscious Existenceexistence value Non use value -ignorant? Figure 5 Fragmented Value of Biodiversity 3. 5 Biodiversity Mapping Biodiversity mapping denotes the link between biodiversity and human diversity. It is recognizes the role- played by human diversity in biod iversity conservation.Cultural biodiversity also exists in towns as people use traditional medicines, eat traditional food, wear traditional cloth and can also spend a penny an tangled knowledge on culture and biodiversity. Categories of Biodiversity Mapping Bioscape The term Bioscape f l ff b lz l including human habitat (http//www. biospherenursery. com/pages/whatisabioscape. html). Landscape Landscape ecology is draw as a science that examines the sort and patterns of land as a result of the interactions with its ecosystems. The relatively new 14 iscipline of landscape ecology provides insight into both landscape diversity and species diversity and suggests a abstractive and practical basis for conservation planning . Timescape Timescape is the change in pattern over time. It documents landscape pattern, occurrence and exploitation of biological diversity and the dependance of community on the natural resources. IV. PEOPLES BIODIVERSITY indicate (PBR) P l B yR (PBR) is a documented register containing plenary information on the availability and knowledge of the local biological resource, their use and traditional folklore associated with them.It is one of the significant steps for conservation of biodiversity through sustainable management using indigenous knowledge. 4. 1 Objectives of PBR formation ? To lease retributoryified benefit sharing by the local people for any technical use of their BD resources. ? To explore enterprises based on their BD resources ? To develop exhaustive data base to help effective intervention for development & conservation Along with this information, the Register will also contain extensive annotations on the landscape of the area, present land use pattern, and some over timescape. 4. 2 good of PBR Preparation of Biodiversity Register is an attempt to understand the bio diversity at Local self-importance Government level, States and the whole Country. ? This will also provide information on the current utilizati on patterns of biodiversity, its economic benefits to the local communities. 4. 3 Information recorded in PBR 15 The information contained in PBR is not only confined to a list of species operable in an area but a comprehensive report on the species, their habit, biological produce, their associated market price, harvesting & transport of the produce, regulating on harvesting, technology, l y f ocal level management, landscape related data, over a time span and so on. These information are being documented under landscape, lifescape, peoplescape, and t imescape. Thus, f l biodiversity register includes ? knowledge of local biological resources, their traditional knowledge associated with them, ? data about the local aid & practitioner uses of biological resources, ? details about biological resources & knowledge. 4. 4 Major ways of Collecting selective information for PBR ? Interviews of individual ? Group interviews ? Few bill by volunteers and technical support group ? Existing official document 4. interconnection in an Ecosystem 5. PAYMENTECOSYSTEM SERVICES 4. ECOSYSTEM SERVICES 1. BIODIVERSITY ECOSYSTEM 3. bread and butter DEPENDENCE 2. ECO-TOURISM Figure 6 Interconnectedness in a Ecosystem 16 gentleman are now most concerned with the exploitation and preservation of the biotic constituents for commercial harvest and recreation. To achieve these goals, we must be aware of the interconnectedness of the ecosystem which exhibits not only the characteristics of its components, but also characteristics of its own which get hold from combinations and interactions of the components (as shown in figure 6).The interconnected enlist can be more clearly explained as b iodiversity is the living part of ecosystem with biodiversit y eco-tourism can be developed eco (tourism) is a major source of sustentation ecosystem also provides various kinds of services assure to livelihood and biodiversity thus payment for ecosystem services this in turn can help in preserving the biodiversity. 17 V. SUNDARBAN A Special Ecosystem Map 1 Sundarban Eco-region 5. 1 Sundarban Eco-region IntroductionThe Sundarban Delta composite (map 1), having geo-genetic link to the tectonic Bengal Basin, geographically extends over the eastern India (40%) and Bangladesh (60%). It is characterized by prolific growth of rich and diversified mangrove plant life and forms an integral down drift sailplaningal part of the Bengal Delta Complex that overlies huge ponderousness of Tertiary marine sediments of the actively remission Bengal Basin. It is a cluster of 102 miracle islands, form the largest mangrove delta complex on the globe in 18 he estuarine phase of the Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers, and constitute a unmatched Biosphere Reserve in the coastal bespeak of Bengal. The deltaic complex was declared a close forest in 1875-76, under the woods Act, 1865. A woodwind Division was created in 1879 with headquarters in Khulna. The Reserve Forest has been pas s irrigated for recognition as a Ramsar Site (A Wetland of International Importance). (www. portal. gsi. gov. in/) Sundarban literally means beautiful jungle or forest in Bengali language. The elevate Sundarbans may also have been derived from the Sundari trees (dominant species) that are omnipresent in this region.This is a region of transition of impertinently Ganga body of irrigate and saline solution wet of Bay of Bengal. Sundarban ecoregion features two characters forest ecosystem and grit dunes. The forest ecosystem can again be divided into two clusters unused irrigate flood out forests and mangroves. 5. 2 Sundarban freshwater swamp forests The Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests lay between the upland lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests and the brackish-water Sundarban mangroves bordering the Bay of Bengal. These are tropical a nd subtropical moist broad- page numbered brackish swamp forests.The fertile soils of the delta have been offspring to intensi ve human use for centuries, and the eco-region has been mostly converted to intensive agriculture, with few enclaves of forest remaining. This eco-region is nearly extinct due to large-scale disforestation and settlement by human. 5. 3 Sundarban Mangroves Mangrove forest (picture 2) is a woody community that can be periodically submerse in sea water of the inter-tidal regularize of tropical regions . They are the second highest source of primary take next to rainforests. They produce high dust and release nutrients which are a food source of variety of organism.Mangroves provide family lines to variety of marine and routine organisms. They act as nurseries and feeding groundss for many fish, fish and crustaceans and non-resident fish enter the mangroves to feed at high . M l y 19 f fb . They not only provide a wealth of b yb l f l food web. As with most ecosystems, an intricate relationship exists between mankind and mangrove. many another(prenominal) indigenous costal res idents rely on mangroves to sustain their traditional cutlass. They have been sustainably used for food production, medicines, fuel wood, and fishery and construction materials.They are important inter tidal estuarine wetlands along the coast line of tropical and sub-tropical region are loose to autersopogenic contamination fro m tidal water, river water and land based sources and Sundarban mangrove ecosystem being no exception. go for 2 Trees of Sundarban Mangrove Special Feature of Mangrove Ecosystem 1. Adaptations to low oxygen Red mangroves, which can populate in the most inundated areas, prop themselves above the water level with atomic reactor grow and can then tie air through pores in their barque (lenticels).Black mangroves live on high ground and make many pneumatophores (specialised root -like structures which stick around up out of the soil like straws for breathing) which are also covered in lenticels. These breathing tubes typically reach high gear up to thirt y centimeters, and in some species, over three meters. There are four types of pneumatophore spate or prop type, snorkel or peg type, stifle type, and ribbon or plank type. human knee joint and ribbon types may be combine with buttress roots at the base of the tree. The roots also contain wide aerenchyma to facilitate transport within the plant. 2.Limiting water loss Because of the limit ed fresh water addressable in engaging intertidal soils, mangroves limit the amount of water they lose through their leaves. They 20 can restrict the opening of their stomata (pores on the jerk surfaces, which exchange carbon dioxide gas and water vapour during photosynthesis). They also vary the orientation course of their leaves to avoid the harsh midday sun and so reduce evaporation from the leaves. Anthony Calfo, a noted aquarium author, observed anecdotally a red mangrove in imprisonment only grows if its leaves are mis ted with fresh water several times a week, simulating the preva lent tropical rainstorms. . Nutrient uptake The biggest problem that mangroves face is nutrient uptake. Because the soil is perpetually waterlogged, there is little free oxygen. anaerobiotic bacteria liberate nitrogen gas, disintegrable iron, inorganic phosphates, sulfides, and methane, which makes the soil much slight nutritious. Pnuematophores (aerial roots) allow mangroves to absorb gases directly from the atmosphere, and other nutrients such as iron, fro m the hostile soil. Mangroves store gases directly inside the roots, touch on them even when the roots are submerged during high soar upwards. Evolution of MangrovesFrom low tidal entangleflat via high tidal mudflat with mangroves to shrimp pond, lynchpiny silt theme is lightly increasing. The issue of macro elements and minerals is almost unchanged after depth as results of fairly stable, aqueous source chronologically. Geochemical sedimentary evo lution is visually reflected in the regularly changing in geochemical indices, the inwardness of nutrients and heavy metals. Mangroves often take shape in high tidal mudflat of estuaries, in where, sedimentary environment with fine caryopsis is favourable for mangrove seeds to be stored, spring up and photosynthesiz e.In return, the formation and development of mangrove forests, as a sedimentary trap, make the sedimentary environment more favourable for depositing of fine grain sediments rich in clay minerals. Sedimentary deposition rate in mangrove forest tends to be higher than in Thus, these processes are natural companion of the environmental transform from low tidal mudflat without mangroves (permanently being under water) into high tidal mudflat covered with mangroves (alternatively being under water). The evolution is depicted in the figure 7 below. 21 Figure 7 Evolution of MangrovesThe transform of low tidal mudflat without mangroves into high tidal mudflat is characterized by a little increase in content of Fepyrite, Statal, Spyrite, Sreduc tion. The raising in amount of sulphurs can be understood as resultant of higher amount of mangrove root, which is the main sulphur source. The content of sulphurs increase after sedimentary depth in low tidal mudflat is more intensively than that in high tidal mudflat. This may also relate to increasing sulphur source in tidal mudflat. In addition, var iation coefficients of sulphurs content in mangrove forest sediment are higher than those in low tidal mudflat.Thus, the transform process through these two environments leads to stronger sulphurs differentiation. Under the safe conditions like the formation of a mud -flat, growth of mangroves is initiated. stabilisation of mud-flats is a foregoing process in the establishment of mangroves. induct plant species initiate this process. The roots of these plants help in binding the soil and also help the establishment of micro -organisms which foster help in stabilizing the area. Stabilization starts from the land side and gradual ly shifts towards the sea.The pioneer plants are spec ies like Porterasia coarctata and some members of the Cyprus family. These are late replaced by other mangrove plants and then these mangroves gradually mete out towards the sea. Once mangroves grow, the submerged banks are to the full stabilized. Then the plant s slowly reach a stage which is called the terminate phytology. A climax vegetation of mangroves is represented by the complete circle of life where there are different species of plants, animals (both terrestrial and aquatic) and micro -organisms forming an ecosystem called the tropical salt marshland or the mangrove ecosystem.In case the sediments are not 22 stabilized, submerged banks are washed out. Thousands of deltas are formed and washed out every year onward they can be stabilized. In the Gangetic delta this agency is instead common. Zonation in mangrove 1. proximal district (Front mangroves) This zone is towards water front, subject to regular tidal ef fect where enduringness of soil accumulation and inundation is a continuous process. The mangrove species in this zone are specially adapted with stilt roots, prop roots for stability and anchorage. master(prenominal) species with these features are Rhizophora apiculata and Rhizophora mucronata.On nervy and coral reef substrata, genus genus Avicennia Spp, Sonneratia Caseolaris are also implant. Both Avicennia and Sonneratia produce pneumatophores. 2. Middle Zones (Mid mangroves) Above the Rhizophora/ Avicennia line luxuriant group of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, B. Cylindrica, Lumnitzera racemosa, L. littoralis, Ceriops tagal and genus Aegiceras corniculatum occur. Ceriops and Bruguiera develop a strong hold fast in the form of knee roots or bent roots as a special bridal for supporting the erect bole. 3. Distal Zone (Back mangroves) Towards island area mangroves like Excoecaris agallocha, genus Heritiera littoralis and Xylocarnus spp occur.Both Heritiera and Xylocarpus produce butt resses. Generally the salinity is on lower side in this zone occurring towards hill sides where run off of fresh water is for a prolonged period. The period of tidal submersion is low in this zone compared to front mangroves. However, the zonation in mangroves is not so simple and varies from place to place. either species has its own level of salinity tolerance. Estuaries on east coast show obvious zonation. The high salinity range on the east coast estuaries may be the principal reason for distinct zonation there.The range and force of tidal action also play a determinant role in creation and maintenance of zones as distribution of seeds or propagules is influenced by tidal action. Also, tides do influence the salinity in an estuary. Land governance in mangrove ecosystem 23 During high tide silts take a way into the brooks. And when low tide starts the water recedes but the silts are deposited. This is the natural way of sedimenta tion. In this way the land is formed in mangr ove ecosystem (figure 8 (a)). But the newly formed land is fragile in nature. Additionally the seeds of mangroves fall on this area and there they grow up.The roots of mangrove with its special characteristics hold up the soil. This prevents soil erosion and holds up the land. And the settlement grows around that. This is used for subtlety also. When embankment is construct artificially to cultivate and to protect the land from being flooded the natural process o f land formation is hampered. Silt deposition does not take place. Also the mangroves which used to be there die down. The land becomes more fragile and during high tide or during flood the water table increases more than it would previously. The purpose of embankment fails here.It hampers the natural land formation and also destroys the mangrove ecosystem (figure 8 (b)). (a) (b) Figure 8 (a) Natural Land Formation and (b) Land Formation Due To Embankment in Mangrove Ecosystem 5. 4 Sand-Dunes Ecological set-up At the most basic level dunes are simply piles of sand. Wind and waves transport sand onto the beach forming dunes. It results from stabilization of transported sediment, sea weed, debris by vegetation. It is also related to tidal fluctuation. Further accretion results in beach elevation. Migrating dunes helps to keep habitation being exposed to sea.Dune ridges are formed by surface wind w ith hurrying more than 4. 5 m/s when sand sized 24 particles chance upon by siltation. Travelling dunes bury areas in eroding coast. In stable coast dunes stabilize 90o to wind direction. Sand tends to be blown from the windward face and to compose on the leeward side. Dunes (picture 3) are embed in Sundarban ecosystem which help protects mangroves. Tidal eat causes the formation of the mangrove and the formation of the sand dunes is caused by the wind flows. Thus tidal flow and wind flow whole kit together in Sundarbans and creates the special features of this region, i. . , mangroves and sand dunes w hich lead to the formation of the beach. The beach here is rich in biodiversity and Sundarban is developing a very good kind of beach-centric ecotourism. fork over 3 Sand-dunes of Sundarban Eco-system 5. 5 Biodiversity of Sundarban A brief account of the floral and faunal diversity in Sundarban is shown in the picture 4 below. some(a) common mangrove species can be jotted down as ? Hatal(Phoenix paludosa) ? Genwa (Excoecaria agallocha) ? Dhundul(Xylocarpus granatum) ? Kankra (Bruguirea gymnorrhiza) ? Champa(Bruguiera parviflora) ? Dhani ghas (Porteresia coarctata) Garjan (Rhizophora apiculata) ? Keora (Sonneratia apelata) ? Sundari tree (Heritiera fomes) ? Golpati( genus Nipa frutcans) (www. portal. gsi. gov. in/) 25 There are also many faunal species in this region (www. portal. gsi. gov. in/) BENGALTIGER (Panthera tigris tigris) At present there are about 250-300 tigers in Sundarban. This is the nominate species of the eight sub-species of tigers represent in the world. Tigers are the apex predat ors of this mangrove eco -system. They are right at the top of the food chain. The Sundarban t igers are extraordinary beasts.Perfectly at home both on land and water, it is cognise to cross more than one river at time to find food. The Sundarban tiger preys in the main on cheetal or sight deer, wild boar, goats and livestock. It is a nocturnal and ambush predator. see 4 Sundarban Ecosystem Biodiversity JUNGLE CAT (Felis chaus) This is a stout bodied cat found in Sundarbans. It is a nocturnal animal which preys on small animals. This cat is often met with in Sundarbans. It is a good mounter and an ambush predator. LEOPARD CAT (Felis bengalensis) This cat is an agile climber and a good swimmer. It preys on hisss, bats, hares and fawns.FISHING CAT (Prionailurus viverrina) This is a powerfully strengthened cat. It is a nocturnal predator and an unspoiled swimmer. It is known to dive in water to catch fish because the 26 name. It also preys on small and fair size animals such as wild pigs and cheetal fawns. WILD BOAR (Sus scrofa) This animal is often seen in Sundarbans. This is a heavily built animal. It is basically a herbivore but is also known to take small animals, insects and even carrion. This animal also acts as a prey species for the tiger. CHEETAL OR SPOTTED cervid (Axis bloc) This is the only deer found in Sundarban.It is also the most common deer in India. It is a herbivore. This animal is the major prey for the tigers. It is commonly seen near water holes. COMMON KRAIT (Bungarus caeruleus) This is the most pestilent snake in the grass in India. This is strictly nocturnal snake. It feeds principally on snakes. saturnine CAPPED KINGFISHER (Halcyon pileata) This is a common bird of the Sundarbans. Seen frequently on river banks. It feeds chiefly on fish and channelises. devil HERON (Ardea goliath) This common bird of Sundarbans is huge in appearance. It is a solitary creature. It feeds in the first place on fish and fr ogs.LESSER ADJUTANT STORK (Leptoptilos javanicus) commonly solitary. Feeds on fish, frogs and reptiles. BRAMHINY KITE (Haliastur indus) This is a bird of prey which is often found besides water bodies such as lakes, pools, ponds and rivers. It feeds on fish, frogs, snakes, small mammals and bats. In addition to this Sundarban has few species of sharks the most common being the Indian wienerwurst SHARK (Scoliodon laticaudus) There are also mahimahis to be found in Sundarbans the most common being the Gangetic dolphin (Platinista gangetica) to name a few. COMMON KRAIT (Bungarus caeruleus) This is the most venomous snake in India.This is strictly nocturnal snake. It feeds mainly on snakes. 27 BLACK CAPPED KINGFISHER (Halcyon pileata) This is a common bird of the Sundarbans. Seen frequently on river banks. It feeds mainly on fish and crabs. GOLIATH HERON (Ardea goliath) This common bird of Sundarbans is huge in appearance. It is a solitary creature. It feeds mainly on fish and frogs . LESSER ADJUTANT STORK (Leptoptilos javanicus) Normally solitary. Feeds on fish, frogs and reptiles. BRAMHINY KITE (Haliastur indus) This is a raptor which is often found besides water bodies such as lakes, pools, ponds and rivers.It feeds on fish, frogs, snakes, small mammals and bats. INDIAN DOG SHARK (Scoliodon laticaudus). There are also dolphins to be found in Sundarbans the most common being the Gangetic dolphin (Platinista gangetica) to name a few. 5. 6 Livelihood in Sundarban Agriculture is the main note of the local people. Rain-fed, mono-cro paddy field is grown in t his area. Before the introduction of HYVs, they well-mannered salt tolerant varieties of rice like Paknai, Barhal, Talmugur, Gopalbhog, Gulshi, Bolan etc. Occasional inundation of paddy fields by brackish water gave rise to a paddy-cum-fishery system.During agricultural slight period, locals get involved in search, lovemaking collecting. 49% of the households directly extracted forest resources for t heir livelihood, including 98 % of the landless(prenominal) forest fishers. Almost all remaining households depended partly on the forest resources. The forest fishers, traders and some of the labourers directly depended on forest resources, earning money from either selling or processing these resources. or so of the farmers and service holders depended on forest resources indirectly because they used forest resources for their households (for food, fuelwood, building materials etc).It was a clear trend that the higher the household income, the higher the dependency on forest resources. main(prenominal) livelihood percent of households Fishery-32, Farming-25, Labour-15, Trade-13, Service-5, Other-10. well-nigh livelihood forms are shown in picture 5. 28 C record 5 Some Livelihood Forms in Sundarban 5. 7 utilisation of mangrove resources comprised F F F l F y ll B l y b . from various trees l G l ( y l) b . There are some medicative plants in the mangroves, but t hese are n ot utilized. Most of the households depended altogether on fu el wood for cooking.This contend causes rapid depletion of forest and consequently the ecosystem, as well as air pollution and health problems. Once upon a time logging was practiced in felling mode, but now in selective mode. When carried out in felling mode, the result can be er osion of the exposed ground and scantiness of the soil within the affected area. In se lective mode, as carried out at present, the removal of many worthy species can still damage the ecosystem, and in this mode, the aloofness of the removed individual tr ees may be taken by other, less valuable, species. In either case, the forest resources become less valuable.Fish is the say-so source of protein of the people of Bangladesh. Many people of the Sundarban households totally depend on seek, usually by nets that are very effective but catch all fishes. Sometimes po isoning is applied, with severe environmental impacts. Tourists can enjoy t he sight of fishing by trained otters. Shrimp cultivation is profitable business, and is totally dependent on natural nipper. People collect fry from the river by nets of small mesh, with severe consequences to a multitude of other species. 5. 8 youthful Developments and their impacts 29Recent introduction of HYV seeds has led to increased dependence on chemical fertilizers, pesticides & external sources of seeds dominate by corporate sector. M f HYV b f f. Occurrence of new cyclones made them realise the need for preservation & cultivation of indigenous species. Lack of flip-flop emplo yment opportunities, loss of land, population pressure & poverty increases the dependence on forest for timber & Non-Timber Forest Produces (NTFPs). Destructive capture method of tiger prawn culture has replaced the traditional aquaculture in paddy fields. Corporate sector is making money, Meendharas are being employed.Over grand juveniles of other fish species are destroy to catch a single ti ger prawn seedling (DISHA, 2006). W f l b b l l b en subjected to uncertainty. What they could obtain for their livelihood from the forest easily, is now restricted. This poses a worry for their subsistence. So they get involved in illegal cutting which adversely affect the ecosystem. 5. 9 Man-animal Conflict Local people in Sundarban are immensely dependent on the forest for their day to day activities and also for their living. Honey collectors, wood cutters, leaf collectors and fishermen are sometimes killed by tiger inside the forest.Sundarban tig er treats human as a normal prey in forest. Every village in fringes have large number of widows of tiger . T f y B b b (picture 6) D k y irrespective of all religions. To reduce potential tiger attack, t hey experiment with gracious Masks (picture 7) at the back of their head. 30 externalise 6 Bonbibi register 7 gentleman Masks 5. 10 Threats to Sundarban and climatic vulnerability ? perennial coastal flooding (picture 8) due to climate change (global warming) causes changes in sea level (rise in sea level). 26 Picture 8 Effects of Coastal fill up Reduced flow of sweet water into Sundarban mangrove system. ? Extension of non-forestry land use into mangrove forest. ? The Barrier a) Man-animal conflict drift of tigers into villages. b) Human-human conflict Villagers Vs. foresters. ? Population pressure and increased demand for small timber and fuel wood for local consumption. ? Poaching of tiger, spotted deer, wild boar, marine ? Uncontrolled collection of prawn seedlings. ? Uncontrolled fishing in the water of Reserve forests. 31 turtles, horse-shoe crab etc. ? Continuous trampling of river/creek banks by fishermen and prawn seed collectors. chemical substance pollution through marine paints and hydrocarbons & also agricultural run-off containing chemical fertilizers & pesticides. ? Lack of employment opportunities in the forest fringe areas, locals moving to adjacent states for jobs, girl trafficking. ? Organizational and infrastructural deficiencies lead to corporate extortion in agriculture & aquaculture. ? Tourism can be viewed as one such threat to the ecosystem. Tourism has its negative impacts on the ecosystem which are pressure on carrying capacity of the ecosystem which may sometime leads to deforestation & destruction of endangered species.Environmental pollution & depletion of natural resources are seen almost everywhere with more tourist visit. 32 VI. ECOTOURISM at BAKKHALI A fringe part of Sundarban 6. 1 Bakkhali Bakkhali is a coastal area in entropy 24 Parganas district of West Bengal, India (map 2). It is determined on one of the many deltaic islands blossom across southern Bengal. This small island juts out into the vast expanse of the Bay o f Bengal. It has a 7 k m long beach reaching from Bakkhali to Frasergunj, a twin beach with thinly rolling waves. Casuarina trees line up the beach like guarding wall, which adds up to the beauty of the beach. wikipedia) 6. 2 Accessibility By road Map 2 Bakkhali, a small part of South-West West Bengal It is 125 km by road from Joka tram terminus. The road runs through Diamond Harbour and Kakdwip to Namkhana, where the car o r bus has to be transported across the Hatania-Doania creek in a special ferry. The ferry service is available from 7AM -11PM except from 12 noon till 145PM (lunch hour). The fare for crossing a Car/Jeep is approx Rs 160 + Rs 30 toll (including loading/unloading). 33 By bus WBSTC has regular bus service from Esplande to Bakkhali(150 kms).One starts at 7AM in the morning from Esplande and reaches Bakkhali at around 1130AM and leaves from Bakkhali after one-half an hour for Kolkata (Esplande). By train The warm rail station is at Namkhana. There are regular trains from Sealdah via Lakshmikantapur and Kakdwip to Namkhana. The first train starts at around 4AM from Sealdah. Train fare is around Rs 22 and the journey takes around 3 hrs. From Namkhana station you will get a van rickshaw t o reach the place from where you need to cross a narrow creek in a small boat. Van fare is Rs 5 per head or Rs 30 if you reserve a van and for crossing the creek you need to pay Rs 1.Then from the bus stand one can get buses for Bakkhali which take around 45mins to 1hr and their fare is Rs 13. The Bakkhali bus stand is very close to all the hotels and just a 5 min walking from the beach. This place is competing with other beach tourist spots Digha, Mandarmani, Sankarpur. It is good for overnight stay. 6. 3 Uniqueness The slope of Bakkhali is towards the sea hence it is less prone to tidal waves. It is not difficult to observe various thornless species like crabs, sea animal, starfish etc. , which were observed along the shore line.While large crabs live in the dry sand further away from the sea, the littler ones live in the muddy shores nigh to the sea. Various species l k S of m H l G l H j K k K G . found here. Due to its sandy habitat, Xerophytic vegetation is found he re. Also because of its unique flora and fauna, Bakkhali attracts many migratory birds. Its mud banks provide the birds a perfect ground for hunt on the marine invertebrates. For all these natural biodiversity, Bakkhali attracts lots of tourists. 34 The Forest Department maintains a mangrove trail which is also a source of attraction for tourists.This growth of lucrative tourism again attracts not only private Picture 9 Notable Features of Bakkhali Beach investment (hotel business) but also migrants (some people who work in hotels, sells fast food near the beach etc. ) from fringe areas. Such in surge often creates ecological imbalances. Most of the inhabitants in Bakkhali are migrants settled from Midnapore and Bangladesh (although quite a large no of people can be found as aborigine). Both spring & neap tides are observed in the region, though the season of high tide is only a few hours in a day.Coastal landforms include back dunal mudflats, back-swamps coast-parallel older stab ilized dune ridges & younger mobile dunes. Low incline supratidal and inter-tidal beaches with mud bank, tidal flats etc. & onshore bars develop locally in patches in the moist and depressed areas. The sand dunes serve an important function by acting as a parapet between the sea and the habitat near the sea thereby protecting them. These celebrated features of Bakkhali beach are shown in picture 9. 6. 4 Frasergunj, Henry Island and JwambudwipFish trawlers anchor in Frazergunj Fishing Harbour (picture 10) as co-operative fishing is carried out here under Benfish. sovereign species that are harvested in winter are prawn, promfret and marine bhetki. Marine bhetki is the most valuable species because of its consumption and medicinal values (liver oil and capsule coating are super demanded by pharmaceutical industries). Entry fee is imposed to restrict entry in Henry Island (picture 11). Fresh water aquaculture (b ) .T f we can get an overview of the mangrove canopy. Jambudwip is a deserted island where drying of fishes is practiced (sutki industry).This is mainly an merchandise industry which leads to high export earnings. 35 Picture 10 Frasergunj Picture 11 Henry Island 6. 5 patterned Diversity at Bakkhali & Henry Island (picture 12) touch Scientific bod Location Characteristics Use-Values Gewa Excoecaria agallocha Leaves become orange when rather mature. The timber is used for making wood-charcoal and fire-crackers. Kankra Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Rhizophora apiculata Blume Aegiceras corniculatum West Bengal Govt. Forest Range, Bakkhali. Do. Do. It has breathing roots. Do. It bears small bloodless flowers. Do. Pneumatophores are prominent. Three types of Baen a) Piyara Baen. b) Kalo Baen. ) Sada Baen. Garjan Kholshi. Baen. Avicennia alba Blume(kalo baen) Avicennia marina (Forsk. ) Vierh. (piyara baen) Chionlata. Goran. Do. Hargoja. Acanthus illicifolius Do. Hental. Phoenix paludosa Roxb. Casuarina sp Famous for good-quality nectar, yielding good quality honey. Source of animal fodder. In humans, it has medicinal use as an antidiabetic. Do. eucalyptus. Ceriops tagal (Perr. ) Robinson(Motth goran) Eucalyptus obliqua Do. Jhau It has red flowers. It has long and thin thorns. Types of GoranMotth Goran,gelatine Goran. strange species from Australia. It has a long, white trunk. Do. It is a scrub having small and sharp thorns.It has thin and long thorns, looks like a short plow. It has long slender leaves. Do. 36 Used in paper & textile industry, also has medicinal values. Provides a camouflaging background for tiger. The dry leaves are used as fuel for cooking. Golpata. genus Nipa fruticans (Thunb. ) Wurmb. Do. Looks like a short palm tree. Leaves are used as thatching material. Picture 12 Floral Diversity at Bakkhali & Henry Island 6. 6 Faunal Diversity at Bakkhali & Henry Island (picture 13) Name Scientific Name Category Location Characteristics Green Bee tributary Rufous Treepie. Whimbrel. Avifauna (Aves) Do. Green in colour with a long slender beak.White-throated Kingfisher. Spotted deer Estuarine crocodile. Hermit crab. Do. Sea Beach, Bakkhali. W. B. Forest Range, Bakkhali. Sea Beach, Bakkhali. W. B. Forest Range, Bakkhali. Do. Do. Do. Axis axis Mammal. Reptile. Arthropod. Red Crab. Ocypode sp. Do. Sea Beach, Bakkhali. Do. Sand-bubbler crab. Fiddler crab. Dotilla sp. Do. Do. genus Uca spp. Do. Marine worm. Diopatra cuprea Annelid. Sea Beach, Bakkhali. Star fish. Jelly fish. Asterias sp. Metridium sp. Echinoderm. Cnidarian. Do. Do. 37 Long tail with black, chocolate-browned & white colours. Curved beak, white & brown in colour. Colourful (blue,red) with red long beak,built for catching fishes.