Julia Child: Master Chef and TV Star Essay -- Biographies Cooking Pape

Julia Child Master Chef and TV StarO Julia, Julia, Cook and nifty wench,Whose unsurpassed quenelles and hot souffls,Whose English, Norse and German, and whose French, are all beyond my piteous powers to praise-Whose sweetly-rounded bottom and whose legs,Whose gracious face, whose nature temperate,Are only equaled by her scrambled eggsAccept from me, your ever-loving mate,This acclamation shaped in fourteen linesWhose inner truth belies its outer sightFor never were there foods, nor were there wines,Whose flavor equals yours for sheer delight.O luscious dish O gustative pleasureYou satisfy my taste-buds beyond measure.- Paul ChildJulia Child is a creative genius who changed the culinary world with her diligent personality and fine prep skills. She is a fine example of the flavor-olfactory intelligence with special accents of visual spatial and interpersonal intelligences. There were many chefs that could fall in this intelligence category, including Escoffier, Beard, and farmer . I chose Julia because she is a woman who broke new ground in the world of cooking. She empowered America by encouraging them to cook and enjoy food. The gusto olfactory intelligence is really a matter of taste and smell. A gusto olfactory intelligent person is able to create a proper(postnominal) taste, to create their own additions to recipes, and to bring something new to the sense called taste. Childhood and HeritageJulia Carolyn McWilliams was born in Pasadena, California, on August 15, 1921 to her proud parents John and Caro McWilliams. Caro, as she was called, was an energetic woman who wanted to see the world before settling down. When she finally married John McWilliams she maintained her independent free s... ...and mind. As Gardner expected it took a great deal of time and steady work at her discipline to master it. Julia Child cast off in new directions never explored before. She fought the difference of being a woman in a male dominated field and world, along her way. She found the tools and status quo of her field unsatisfactory and began work on a new way of thinking about food. Julia, however, did not follow Gardners concept of Faustian bargain, but rather had good interpersonal relationships. Julias creative genius allowed her to succeed in a critical world.BibliographyChild, Julia. The Way To Cook. Knopf Inc. Canada, 1989.Cooper, Ann. A womans Place is in the Kitchen. Reinhold, 1998.Fitch, Noel Riley. Appetite For Life. Doubleday, NY. 1997.Internet sourceswww.sallys-place.comwww.foodwine.comwww.iacp-online.orgwww.unknown.nu/Julia/

Greed :: essays papers

esurience esurience Greed is a selfish desire for more than one needs or deserves. Greed can make honest men murderers. It has made countries with rich invaluable resources into the poorest countries in the world. We are taught it is bad and not to practice it. But consider a world without greed, where everyone is as sharing as Mother Theresa was. The progress of worldly concern would be at a standstill. Greed has given our society faster travel, break away service, more convenience, and most importantly, progress. Greed has created thousands of billionaires and millions of millionaires. But why is greed associated with iniquity? In their day, most capitalists like Cornelius Vanderbilt and John D. Rockefeller were depicted as pure evil. Vanderbilt take from the poor. Rockefeller was a snake. But the name- work did not come from the consumers it was the competing businesses that complained. The newspapers expanded on these comments, calling them robber barons. These are ina ccurate terms for these businessmen. They were not barons because they all started penniless and they were not robbers because they did not take it from anyone else. Vanderbilt got rich by make travel and deportation faster, cheaper, and more luxurious. He built bigger, faster, and more efficient ships. He served food on his ships, which the customers liked and he lowered his costs. He lowered the New York to capital of Connecticut fare from $8 to $1. Rockefeller made his fortunes selling oil. He also lowered his costs, making fuel affordable for the working-class people. The working-class people, who use to go to fork out after sunset, could now afford fuel for their lanterns. The people, who worked an average 10-12 hours a day, could now go through a private and social life. The consumers were happy, the workers were happy, and they were happy. Bill Gates, CEO of Microsoft Corporation is other example of a greedy person. He is the richest man in the world with round $40 bill ion and he continues to pursue more wealth. Just because he has $40 billion does not mean the rest of the world lost $40 billion, he created more wealth for the rest of the world. His software created new slipway of saving time and money and created thousands of new jobs. Bill Gates got rich by persuading people to buy his product. His motive may have been greed, but to strain that, he had to give us what we wanted.Greed essays papersGreed Greed Greed is a selfish desire for more than one needs or deserves. Greed can make honest men murderers. It has made countries with rich valuable resources into the poorest countries in the world. We are taught it is bad and not to practice it. But consider a world without greed, where everyone is as sharing as Mother Theresa was. The progress of humankind would be at a standstill. Greed has given our society faster travel, better service, more convenience, and most importantly, progress. Greed has created thousands of billionaires and m illions of millionaires. But why is greed associated with evil? In their day, most capitalists like Cornelius Vanderbilt and John D. Rockefeller were depicted as pure evil. Vanderbilt stole from the poor. Rockefeller was a snake. But the name-calling did not come from the consumers it was the competing businesses that complained. The newspapers expanded on these comments, calling them robber barons. These are inaccurate terms for these businessmen. They were not barons because they all started penniless and they were not robbers because they did not take it from anyone else. Vanderbilt got rich by making travel and shipping faster, cheaper, and more luxurious. He built bigger, faster, and more efficient ships. He served food on his ships, which the customers liked and he lowered his costs. He lowered the New York to Hartford fare from $8 to $1. Rockefeller made his fortunes selling oil. He also lowered his costs, making fuel affordable for the working-class people. The working-class people, who use to go to bed after sunset, could now afford fuel for their lanterns. The people, who worked an average 10-12 hours a day, could now have a private and social life. The consumers were happy, the workers were happy, and they were happy. Bill Gates, CEO of Microsoft Corporation is another example of a greedy person. He is the richest man in the world with about $40 billion and he continues to pursue more wealth. Just because he has $40 billion does not mean the rest of the world lost $40 billion, he created more wealth for the rest of the world. His software created new ways of saving time and money and created thousands of new jobs. Bill Gates got rich by persuading people to buy his product. His motive may have been greed, but to achieve that, he had to give us what we wanted.

Uncle Toms Cabin :: Uncle Toms Cabin Essays

Uncle Toms Cabin UNCLE TOM -Uncle Tom manages the Shelby plantation. Strong, intelligent, capable, good, and kind, he is the most heroic figure in the figment that bears his name. Toms most important characteristic is his Christian faith. God has given Tom an extraordinary ability. He can forgive the evil done to him. His self-sacrificing savor for others has been called motherly. It has also been called truly Christian. AUNT CHLOE- Aunt Chloe, Uncle Toms wife, is fat, warm, and jolly. She is a good housekeeper and a superb cook, and justly proud of her skill. She loves Tom, and urges him to escape to Canada rather than to go South with Haley. later on Tom is sold, she convinces the Shelbys to hire her out to a baker in Louisville and to use her wages to buy Toms freedom. She is heartbroken to learn of his death. MOSE, PETE, AND POLLY - Mose, Pete, and Polly, the children of Uncle Tom and Aunt Chloe, are ro guish and rambunctious. Polly is Toms special favorite, and she loves to bury her tiny hands in his hair. ELIZA HARRIS - Eliza Harris is raised by her mistress, Mrs. Shelby, to be piousand good. Described as light-skinned and pretty, Eliza dearly loves her husband, George Harris, and their little boy, annoy. When she learns that Harry is about to be sold, Eliza carries him in her arms to the Ohio River, which she crosses on cakes of ice. Although generally a modest and retiring young woman, Eliza becomes extraordinarily brave because of her love for her son.

The Fantasy of Out of Africa vs. the Reality of Ngugis A Grain of Whea

The Fantasy of prohibited of Africa vs. the Reality of Ngugis A Grain of WheatBoth the read and the phonograph record versions of Out of Africa show life in Africa as being a haven for European colonists. In these perishs, Africa was a beautiful land to move to where the Europeans could live like royalty in a sense. Their money went a lot further, and they could have African servants do all the work and chores for them. These African peoples adored the pureness settlers, and would peacefully work for them for very low wages. However, this view of Africa during colonial times is not accurate. The Africans did not always adore the Europeans they were not happy to have their lands taken from them and they did not usually accept the exploitation peacefully. This point is illustrated, for example, in Ngugis A Grain of Wheat which reflects on the Mau Mau rebellion which led to the Kenyan independence in 1963. The film Out of Africa creates an Africa where a white person, such as Ka ren Dinesen, could move to and live happily, for a while anyway. Granted this is a movie, only it is based on the autobiography of Karen Dinesen. The film shows Karen moving to Kenya in ab break 1913 where she was happily greeted by her many African servants who were awaiting her. With her she has all of her lovely, expensive possessions that go well in her beautiful farmhouse. Karen and the rest of the white colonists are shown to have lives that are all play and no work. They sit about while the servants wait on them hand and foot, or they go out on safaris to see the countryside and wild animals. The image that the audience receives creates a dream world for them. It does not have any indication of violence between the colonists and the Africans. The book Out of ... ...r, it is not entirely realistic in its portrayal of colonialism. Karen Dinesen wrote her story how she indispensabilityed to see it. I am sure her life was as she wrote it to be, but I do not think that she took in to account the treatment of the Africans. I do not think that she intended to write of those aspects of colonialism. In my opinion, she want to share with the world the greatness of Africa as she saw it. A Grain of Wheat was written to share with people the violence of the colonialism. The hardships endured by those colonized was meant to be brought out to the audience. These two pieces of literature were written for different reasons one to show a wealthy white womans life in Africa as she saw it, and the other to show the violence brought about by the colonization of Africa. Works CitedFanon, Frantz. The Wretched of the Earth. (New York Grove Press)1963.

The Idea of a University :: College Culture Cultural Essays

The Idea of a University People have long take for granted that university is the base of the educated and open minded people. People expand their personal horizons here. The public believes university students can kettle of fish with the pagan differences of human beings. The public believes students can deal with these differences because university students are exposed to a wide range of academic subjects including Humanities. Humanities exposes students to humankind literature, art, and geography. The public expects these subjects to aid university students in understanding cultural differences.Use of cultural differences should be emphasized in the universities. These differences should be emphasized not to humiliate or disgrace people but to influence students to accept and acknowledge cultural differences. The world is a complex mixture of people with diverse languages, skin tones, and cultural differences. These differences are the most evident in human beings. People are class according to one or more of these differences. But the division gives the impression of being a negative one. Exposing these differences in universities and colleges should not be the source any(prenominal) problems. In fact, exposing these differences should help people understand and at times lend a hand to disadvantaged college students. Disadvantaged college students are the majority in college today, were yesterday, and allow be tomorrow. At times disadvantaged college students feel ashamed of their cultural background. Disadvantaged college students feel ashamed because they feel other people will designate them down. They don t want to talk about it. Concerning shame because of social conditions, Bell Hooks says that Class differences were boundaries no one wanted to face or talk about (95). Yet concealing cultural background can cause misunderstanding among peers. Learning about the class neighbor s cultural background, may perhaps hel p understand that neighbor s personality. Commenting on cultural background, Mike Rose depicts the life of a Guatemalan boy having publish in school. The Guatemalan boy is troubled by his past. His brother was killed and dismembered near his house. These incidents are unusual for some people. The place that rose describes is filthy, chaotic, and unkept. this kind of place is the home of many college and university studentsw. Certain college students have had a depressing type of life.

The Idea of a University :: College Culture Cultural Essays

The Idea of a University People have long assumed that university is the home of the educated and open minded(p) mint. People expand their personal horizons here. The public believes university students can deal with the cultural differences of human beings. The public believes students can deal with these differences because university students are exposed to a grand range of academic subjects including Humanities. Humanities exposes students to world literature, art, and geography. The public expects these subjects to aid university students in come acrossing cultural differences.Use of cultural differences should be emphasise in the universities. These differences should be emphasized not to humiliate or disgrace people but to influence students to accept and acknowledge cultural differences. The world is a complex mixture of people with diverse languages, skin tones, and cultural differences. These differences are the most evident in human beings. People are class ified according to one or to a greater extent of these differences. But the division gives the impression of being a negative one. Exposing these differences in universities and colleges should not be the source any problems. In fact, exposing these differences should help people record and at times lend a hand to disadvantage college students. Disadvantaged college students are the majority in college today, were yesterday, and will be tomorrow. At times disadvantaged college students feel ashamed of their cultural background. Disadvantaged college students feel ashamed because they feel other people will put them down. They don t want to conference about it. Concerning shame because of social conditions, Bell Hooks says that Class differences were boundaries no one wanted to face or talk about (95). Yet hiding cultural background can cause misunderstanding among peers. Learning about the class neighbor s cultural background, may perhaps help understand that nei ghbor s personality. Commenting on cultural background, Mike Rose depicts the life of a Guatemalan boy having trouble in school. The Guatemalan boy is tumultuous by his past. His brother was killed and dismembered near his house. These incidents are unusual for some people. The place that rose describes is filthy, chaotic, and unkept. this kind of place is the home of many college and university studentsw. Certain college students have had a depressing type of life.

Concerns Of Gloving Practices Health And Social Care Essay

Globally people populating with human immunodeficiency virus domineering virus is go oning to turn in 2008, making and estimated of 33.4 cardinal ( 33.1 million-33.4 million ) . The incidence of freshly infected people populating with human immunodeficiency virus virus is increased to a greater extent than 20 % from 2000, that is the veritable rate is 2.7 million people. Related deceases atomic number 18 closely 2 million, and the prevalence was robustly treble higher than in 1990 ( UN help ) . In Asia entirely the HIV irresponsible incidence rate is 4.7 million, and India being a develop state and one among highest in population rate, HIV population prevalence is high in India with 3.2 million.HIV instances incidence is more seen in Asiatic states, the fountainhead contributing factors for this increment rate of Positive HIV instances are chiefly poorness, some cultural and religious beliefs and practises denial by authoritiess are due to put down of proper teaching and agencies of bar ( T. , 1995 ) As the incidence is more seen in these states the wellness attention professionals responsibilities will be at rise, this leads to a inquiry as how much educated, cognizant and ready(a) are absorbs to give attention for the HIV and aid patients.Nurses being the largest para checkup professional collection of people pity for the patients. Nurses hunt down an of import function in patient attention, as in Acquired immune lack syndrome ( AIDS ) caused by human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) nurses have a major function in patient attention and intervention. As the prevalence of AIDS are more in homosexual work forces and endovenous drug users, the populace is more concerned with the transmittal of this virus and is besides same with the wellness attention professionals as they are besides in menace group sing the concern and intervention of the HIV infected patients. There are many evidentiary surveies published with concern of wellness attention w orkers like physicians, nurses and paramedical staff of their negative positions and concerns sing HIV/AIDS. To be more specific many of these surveies have been more concentrated in the westernized universe. But in contrast, some surveies were published sing Indian nurse s attitude and concerns sing HIV/AIDS.The chief intent of this survey is toTo find the concerns, attitudes and workplace patterns of Indian nurses, fondness with HIV- positive patients and other biological fluids.To determine that these concerns and attitudes were inter-connected.To happen out the nurses reasonable light in HIV and AIDS.As a consequence of this survey, the nurses can wear out their cognition and supply attention to the HIV and AIDS infected patients with proper average instruction and besides helps in cut downing anxiousness and shake up in handling those patients.LITERATURE REVIEWNurses have the chief function in supplying attention for the patients with HIV/AIDS, but in contrast the surveie s conducted in Western states intend that the nurses are more unwilling, and the wellness professionals does non demo involvement or avoid giving attention to the patients with HIV/AIDS, this is chiefly due to the deficiency of proper substandard cognition and instruction sing HIV/AIDS. As mainly nurses believe and fear that HIV positive patients are homophobic and contagious. ( Campbell S. , 1991 )The mean Knowledge and attitudes of the doctors and nurses condole with the HIV/AIDS patients turned out to be more in westernised portion of universe United States of America, Canada. And the average mark of cognition and attitude of nurses is in reality low in the parts of India and Thailand. ( Brachman P. , 1996 ) . Indian and Thailand Nurse are more uncomfortable in handling so HIV Patients when compared to the nurses and doctors from the United States and Canada, This survey all the way identifies the deficiency of proper cognition and attitude of nurses towards the HIV/AIDS pat ients.A Basic, Post-basic and go oning instruction programme for nurses on HIV/AIDS in western Pacific states like Fiji, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Singapore and Philippines was evaluated and most of these states reportedly have hapless or no criterions for the HIV/AIDS nursing pattern, and due to these anisometric installations in the workplace environment, they could non run into the adjudged protocols of infection control ( S.B. , 1990 ) . This clearly suggest that the nurse work environment is besides under hazard where nurse play a major portion of function, where they are more susceptible to infection particularly when they are nursing patients like HIV and AIDS patients.A questionnaire developed to indicate out the attitude of nurses towards the attention giving to the patients with HIV seropositive patients, the consequences were clearly demoing the attack of the nurses towards the attention of patients to HIV was declined. As a sum of 323 nurses, more than half of the n urse s respondent that they are non willing to supply attention to the HIV patients if they have an option of giving attention to the patients. And besides the consequences showed that more than one-fourth of nurses wanted to hold an option in giving attention to the patients with HIV and AIDS patients ( Wiley K, 1990 ) .A study conducted by ( P, 1992 ) in an English infirmary with 717 nurses, they were questioned sing the cognition of HIV and AIDS and besides the attitude towards the attention given to the patients to the HIV positive patients. The consequences shows that a 3rd of the nurses respondent that they are non ready to give attention to the patients if they were given an option of caring to patients with HIV and AIDS patients.Another survey conducted to govern out the nurses anxiousness towards caring the HIV positive patients and their ignorance of cognition of the HIV and AIDS, in this the nurses anxiousness was more shown as they refused to care the patients as they de manded that patients should be screened for HIV trial before supplying attention, and besides the wellness workers denying to care the patients with hazard of HIV seropositive ( E, 1988 )The surveies conducted by ( EC, 1992 ) ( Flaskerud J H, 1989 ) ( Kelly JA, 1988 ) ( D, 1990 ) ( Scherer YK, 1989 ) , indicated chiefly the nurse s fright and anxiousness of HIV transmittal from HIV positive patients to themselves speckle giving attention. The Centre for Disease Control ( CDC ) estimates that the hazard of transverse infection of HIV transmittal from seropositive patients to wellness attention workers is 1 in 330 as per the co-operative harass stick surveillance group.Stigma and favoritism Acts of the Apostless as a chief barrier to the attention given to the patients with HIV positive patients in India, this favoritism is seen among the medical physicians and nurses in infirmary harmonizing to the search conducted in India by UNAIDS 2001.RationaleNurses play an of import function in supplying quality attention in assisting HIV positive patients both physically and mentally. The literature reexamine clearly provinces that the nurses need much more instruction and knowledge intercession about caring HIV/AIDS, research to day of the months have clearly mentioned the attitude and concern of nurses sing HIV and AIDS, but at that place surveies were chiefly concentrated in western states where nurses are much good equipped with cognition and with proper medical installations where as in Asiatic states the statistics shows that nurses still persists with a fright for caring HIV and AIDS patients, in this research, the Indian nurses cognition and attitude towards HIV and AIDS are to be taken in the consideration. The nurse in India requires specialised accomplishments, preparation and up to day of the month cognition of all facets of HIV and AIDS. This survey chiefly points out the current and future function of the professional Nurses in supplying sell attention to the patients with HIV and AIDS.MANAGING DATA/ TIME RESOURCESThe mark samples will be Registered Indian Nurses working in Mahatma Gandhi medical Hospital in India, the nurses selected would be digit different field of patterns. A non chance trying or Convenience sampling will be used in choosing nurses. Criteria for inclusion would be the current nurses working in the selected infirmary. Exclusion standards would be nurses with no clinical experience. The information aggregation tool utilised would be a structured questionnaire which would be send to respondents. Questionnaire used was antecedently done by the wellness attention workers analyzing writers ( laboratory staff and nurses ) in New Zealand to find cognition attitudes and concerns of nurses in workplace masking piece with HIV positive biological fluids. ( Siebers R W L, 1992 ) . The cogency of questionnaire determined the United Kingdom nurses relationship between attitude, cognition and extent of contact with HIV and AIDS. ( Robbins I, 1992 )The questionnaire consisted of five subdivisions.First subdivision would concentrate on the demographical informations-Age-Education,-Professional preparation-Major medical country of pattern-Years of work experience, and-Any nurses late attended workshops or seminars on HIV/AIDSThe Second subdivision consists of Yes or No replying inquiries asking nurses sing their gloving pattern while managing biological fluids.The 3rd subdivision would ask for the responses of nurse s in managing different type of biological fluids and specimens.The 4th subdivision would be utilizing a Likert graduated table for response by supplying statements with options of strongly agree to strongly differ .The concluding and 5th subdivision concluded with proving the nurse s consciousness of HIV infected biological specimens and methods to destruct the HIV virus.A pilot survey would be conducted here with some qualified nurses here to look into the proper cogency and dependabilit y of the questionnaire. A pilot survey is a little scale version of the research, the chief map is to size up the research and look into for any mistakes. This pilot survey helps in avoiding major errors by and by in research ( Polit, 1997 ) . After worth the questionnaire will be sent to nurses in India with the proper alterations if required form the consequences obtained from the pilot survey. Nurses will be sensible about the survey and its confidentiality. A covering missive will be given to the nurse sing the confidentiality and briefly depicting the usage of the survey. Consent is expect by finishing a questionnaire. No hazards have been identified by this survey. Through this survey the nurse s cognition towards the HIV and AIDS and their attitude towards the attention given to the patients can be assessed and besides therefore the proper attention and attitude towards the HIV and AIDS patients can be improved in the close hereafter.DATA MANAGMENTDatas collected through q uestionnaire will be analysed interpreted by utilizing variables and relevant statistics. Entire clip of three months will be needed, directing and getting back of the consequences from the survey group.PROPOSED RESEARCH METHODOLOGYQuantitative Study ( Burns, 2001 ) will be used for this survey to quantify factors placing the cognition and attitude of nurses towards the attention given to the HIV and AIDS patients. Quantitative is concerned with the Numberss of facts about people, events or things and set uping the relationship between variables, Descriptive design is utile for this survey as it is placing the current pattern jobs for the nurses caring for HIV and AIDS patients. The chief purpose of the descriptive design is to give an penetration of the respondents about the present survey. ( Burns, 2001 ) .Survey method will be used to broadcast the questionnaire, by the methods of get offing or emailing the inquiries to the Nurses ( Polit, 1997 ) . Non Probability or convenienc e sampling is utile for this survey as size of the population is impossible to place. De Vos ( 1998191 ) .SummaryAs seen from the addition incidence of HIV and AIDS patients all over the universe. The wellness professionals should be good equipped and knowing to confront the fortunes. As nurses being the largest group in paramedical services they play a major function in caring the HIV positive patients. This survey chiefly concentrates on the degree of cognition and attitudes and concerns of the nurses handling the HIV and Aids patients, by which it helps in understanding the barrier of attention. By which nurses can be given proper in service instruction and cut out the spread between the attention given to the patients with HIV and AIDS. Nurses being in a medical profession should hold up to day of the month cognition sing a disease status and demand to be ready to give attention to the patient.

Carr and the Thesis Essay

Edward Carr begins What is History? By saying what he echos history is nonby existence negative. In Carrs words, what history is not, or should not be, is a way of constructing historic accounts that atomic number 18 obsessed with both the items and the documents which are said to contain them. Carr believes that by doing this the profoundly important mold power of the historiographer willing surely be downplayed. Carr goes on to argue in his first chapter- that this downgrading of historiography arose because mainstream historians combined three things first, a simple but very strong boldness that the proper function of the historian was to show the past as it really was blink of an eye, a positivist stress on inductive method, where you first get the points and thus draw conclusions from them and third and this especially in Great Britain a dominant empiricist rationale. Together, these constituted for Carr what still stood for the commonsense view of historyThe empi rical theory of familiarity presupposes a complete separation between subject and object. Facts, like sense-impressions, impinge on the observer from outside and are independent of his consciousness. The process of reception is motionless having received the data, he thus acts on themThis consists of a corpus of ascertained factsFirst get your facts straight, consequently plunge at your peril into the shifting sandpaper of interpretation that is the ultimate wisdom of the empirical, commonsense school of history. 2 Clearly, however, commonsense doesnt work for Mr.Carr.For he sees this as precisely the view one has to reject. unfortunately things begin to get a petty(a) complicated when Carr tries to show the light, since while it seems he has three philosophical ways of leaving about his studies one being epistemic and two ideological his prioritizing of the epistemological over the ideological makes history a science too complex for comprehension to anyone other than hi mself. Carrs epistemological argument states that not all the facts of the past are actually historical facts. Further more, there are vital distinctions to be drawn between the fonts of the past, the facts of the past and the historical facts. That historical facts only become this way is by being branded so by recognized historians. Carr develops this argument as follows What is a historical fact? According to the commonsense view, there are certain basic facts which are the same for all historians and which form, so to speak, the backbone of history the fact, for typesetters case, that the encounter of Hastings was fought in 1066.But this view calls for two observations. In the first place, it is not with facts like these that the historian is primarily concerned. It is no doubt important to know that the great battle was fought in 1066 and not 1065 or 1067The historian must not get these things wrong. But when points of this kind are raised, I am reminded of Housmans remark that true statement is a duty, not a virtue. To praise a historian for his accuracy is like praising an architect for using well-seasoned timber. It is a necessary pin down of his work, but not his essential function.It is precisely for matters of this kind that the historian is entitled to rely on what have been called the auxiliary sciences of history archaeology, epigraphy, numismatics, chronology, and so-forth. 3 Carr thinks that the insertion of such(prenominal) facts into a historical account, and the significance which they will have relative to other selected facts, depends not on any quality intrinsic to the facts in and for themselves, but on the reading of events the historian chooses to give It used to be said that facts speak for themselves. This is, of subscriber line, untrue.The facts speak only when the historian calls on them it is he who decides to which facts to give the floor, and in what pronounce or contextThe only reason why we are interested to know that the battle was fought at Hastings in 1066 is that historians regard it as a major historical event. It is the historian who has decided for his own reasons that Caesars crossing of that petty stream, the Rubicon, is a fact of history, whereas the crossings of the Rubicon by millions of other peopleinterests zero at allThe historian is therefore necessarily selective.The belief in a hard core of historical facts existing objectively and independently of the historian is a preposterous fallacy, but one which it is very hard to eradicate. 4 Following on from this, Carr ends his argument with an illustration of the process by which a slight event from the past is transformed into a historical fact. At Stalybridge Wakes, in 1850, Carr tells us about a gingerbread seller being beaten to death by an angry mob this is a well documented and authentic fact from the past. But for it to become a historical fact, Carr argues that it needed to be slayn up by historians and inserted by them int o their interpretations, thence becoming part of our historical memory. In other words concludes Carr Its status as a historical fact will turn on a question of interpretation. This element of interpretation enters into every fact of history. 5 This is the substance of Carrs first argument and the first site that is easily taken away afterward a quick read his work.Thereby initially surmising that Carr thinks that all history is just interpretation and there are really no such things as facts. This could be an easily mislead conclusion if one ceases to read any further. If the interpretation of Carr stops at this point, then not only are we left with a strong impression that his whole argument about the nature of history, and the status of historical knowledge, is effectively epistemological and skeptical, but we are also not in a good prospect to see why.Its not until a few pages past the Stalybridge example that Carr rejects that there was too skeptical a relativism of Collingw ood, and begins a few pages after that to reinstate the facts in a rather unproblematical way, which eventually leads him towards his own version of objectivity. Carrs other two arguments are therefore crucial to follow, and not because they are explicitly ideological. The first of the two arguments is a perfectly reasonable one, in which Carr is contradictory to the obsession of facts, because of the resulting common sense view of history that turns into an ideological expression of liberalism.Carrs argument runs as follows. The classical, liberal idea of progress was that individuals would, in drill their freedom in ways which took account of the competing claims of others somehow and without too much intervention, move towards a harmony of interests resulting in a greater, freer harmony for all. Carr thinks that this idea was then extended into the argument for a sort of general intellectual laissez-faire, and then more particularly into history.For Carr, the fundamental idea s upporting liberal historiography was that historians, all going about their work in different ways but mindful of the ways of others, would be able to collect the facts and allow the free-play of such facts, thereby securing that they were in harmony with the events of the past which were now truthfully represented. As Carr puts this The nineteenth century was, for the intellectuals of Western Europe, a comfortable period exuding confidence and optimism.The facts were on the whole copacetic and the inclination to ask and answer awkward questions about them correspondingly weakThe liberalview of history had a close affinity with the economic school of thought of laissez-faire also the product of a serene and self-confident outlook on the world. Let everyone get on with his particular job, and the hidden hand would take care of the universal harmony. The facts of history were themselves a demonstration of the supreme fact of a beneficent and apparently infinite progress towards hig her things. 6 Carrs second argument is therefore both straightforward and ideological.His point is that the idea of the freedom of the facts to speak for themselves arose from the happy coincidence that they just happened to speak liberal. But of course Carr did not. Thereby knowing that in the history he wrote the facts had to be made to speak in a way other than liberal (i. e. in a Marxist type of way) then his own experience of making the facts, his facts, is universalized to become everyones experience. Historians, including liberals, have to transform the facts of the past into historical facts by their corrected intervention.And so, Carrs second argument against commonsense history is ideological. For that matter, so is the third. But if the second of Carrs arguments is easy to see, his third and final one is not. This argument needs a little ironing out. In the first two critiques of commonsense history, Carr has effectively argued that the facts have no intrinsic value, but that theyve only gained their relative value when historians put them into their accounts after all the other facts were under consideration.The conclusion Carr drew is that the facts only speak when the historian calls upon them to do so. However, it was part of Carrs position that liberals had not recognized the shaping power of the historian because of the cult of the fact and that, because of the dominance of liberal ideology, their view had become commonsense, not only for themselves, but for practically all historiography. It appeared to Carr that historians seemed to subscribe to the position that they ought to act as the channel through which the facts of the past for their own sake were allowed self-expression.But Carr, not wanting to go the route of his fellow historians, nor wanting to afford to the intellectual complaints about the demise of the experience of originality, says In the following pages I shall try to distance myself from prevailing trends among Western in tellectualsto show how and why I think they have gone astray and to stake out a claim, if not for an optimistic, at any rate for a saner and more balanced outlook on the future. 7 It is therefore this very pointed position which stands behind and gives most, if not all, of the reason for Carrs writing What is History?Carr himself seems to be quite clear that the real demand behind his text was the ideological necessity to re-think and re-articulate the idea of continued historical progress among the conditions and the doubters of his own skeptical days. Carrs real concern was the fact that he thought the future of the whole modern world was at stake. Carrs own optimism cannot be supported by the facts, so that his own position is just his opinion, as equally without foundation as those held by optimistic liberals. Consequently, the only conclusion that can arguably be drawn is that the past doesnt actually enter into historiography, except rhetorically. In actuality there should be no nostalgia for the loss of a real past, no sentimental memory of a more certain time, nor a panic that there are no foundations for knowledge other than rhetorical conversation.

Hilton Hhonors Worldwide Rewards

Hilton HHonors Worldwide Loyalty Wars (Due Week 9, Oct. 29-Nov. 2) ? Compare the Hilton HHonors reward political platformmeme with other reward classmes you know about or cast off researched. Be sure to discuss the differences, how they value guests and their offerings. ? Does the value of the Hilton program justify its cost. Explain in terms of the value of a customer. ? What is Starwood trying to do and how should Jeff Diskin act? The Hilton HHonors Worldwide reward programme laughingstock be compared with several(prenominal) other loyalty or recognition programs offered by leading hotel chains of the world.Similar programs are be offered by many airlines, department stores, simple machine rentals, video and book retailing, credit cards, movie theaters and several other international entities in the service industry. The first single that bunghole be considered in this regard is the Priority cabaret Rewards offered by IHG (Intercontinental Hotels Group). The IHG group c omprises of Intercontinental Hotel and Resorts, Crowne Plaza Hotel and Resorts, Holiday Inn, Holiday Inn Express, Hotel Indigo Staybridge Suites and Candlewood Suites. (Ref https//secure. antecedenceclub. com/hotels/). The program is offered across 4,500 properties operated worldwide by the group.The program is open to everyone free of cost. It allows the members to earn points non solitary(prenominal) by staying in any of the member hotels but similarly by earning Priority Club points when purchasing goods and services with any of their partners or earn miles with their partner airlines. The partners are specially customized in accordance with prevalent tastes and popularity in different parts of the world and include leading shop names in airline industry, fashion retailers, vacation and tour operators, mobile and telecom services, car rentals, home and furnishings, electronics, computers, and so onThe choice of partners is vast as compared to Hiltons rewards program. In man y territories local co-branded credit cards are also offered which entitle members to earn points on severally and every spent. For the stay at the hotels, members potbelly earn 2000 points for every stay outside the hotels outside North America, Mexico and Carribean in Intercontinental Hotel and Resorts while for all other geographical locations and all other hotel chains included in the group, the members earn 10 Priority Club points for each US $ 1 spent.The program has different delivers comprising of points that never expire and no blackout dates for Rewards Night, thus allowing the members to stay anytime. Un standardized the Hiltons reward program, members kindle also use a combination of points and cash for their stay. Furtherto a greater extent, members can redeem their points for flights with no blackout dates on over 400 airlines across the world ranging from North America, Europe, Middle-East, Central to Southern and Far-east Asia. However, unlike the Hiltons reward program, double-dipping is not allowed.But as an added incentive to members, free lounge access at several airports is also offered to the members thus enhancing members travel convenience. Similar to the Hilton reward program, the points in IHG Priority program can also be redeemed for several other items besides free nights at the participating hotels. Yet again, the choice offered by IHG is vast as compared to Hilton. The points can be redeemed for hotel stay, airlines travel, tour packages, adventure sports and merchandise from leading retails and entertainment postrs.In addition, gift cards from several brands are available. A very appealing feature is an option of donating points for charitable ventures in keeping with IHG philosophy that rewarding others may be the best reward of all. (Ref http//www. priorityclub. com/rewards/us/en/redeem/ compose/charitable-donations). The IHG program lays special emphasis upon member satisfaction and recognition. Hence , the members have several value-added services offered for free. A separate toll-free reservations line is offered. They are offered priority check in and check out services.Their individual preferences are stored in the system (Personalized room-preferences profile) offered at every stay without asking e. g. smoking or non-smoking rooms, bed-type, etc. Requests for late check-outs are given preference and in certain locations, extra benefits like airport pick-up services, free internet, free newspapers, etc. are offered. Extra direct of service is also offered to members for room upgrades, complaint resolution, customer service feed-back services, etc. Just like the Hiltons reward program, the IHG Priority program also has different intent levels based upon qualifying points and qualified nights.Accordingly, 3 tiers termed as Club, Gold Elite and Platinum Elite are offered. (Ref http//www. priorityclub. com/hotels/us/en/global/ nourishment/about_priorityclublevelsef) Bonus earnings for Gold Elite are 10% and those for Platinum Elite 50% over the base points earned. Moreover, the Elite members are offered extra benefits and advantages like complimentary upgrades and guaranteed room availability. In this respect, it appears to be more(prenominal) attractive to customers than Hiltons reward Silver and Gold VIP status.Over and above the stated benefits, multiple promotions are offered at different times promising extra points, free room upgrades, etc. to attract more and more customers. Another popular loyalty program is Fairmont Presidents Club that allows access to a host of exclusive benefits and privileges. Besides the standards being offered by the loyalty programs of almost all big hotel groups, Fairmont goes a step ahead by offering members services like concierge reservation, complimentary use of health clubs, golf-clubs and even use of BMWs at select locations. Ref https//www. fairmont. com/fpc/benefits/). Another impressive and acclaimed loyalty program, not by a hote l group but an airline, is the one offered by Etihad Airways. Though relatively new in the competitive airline industry, the Etihad Guest program has introduced several new initiatives for the frequent travelers generating big business for the airline and proving to be a significant factor in the phenomenal success of Etihad. Very aptly, it has been awarded 2012 Freddie Awards.Etihad Guest was know for the Best Redemption Ability, Best Elite Program and Best Loyalty Credit Card among all airlines in the Middle East, Asia and Oceania. (Refhttp//www. etihadairways. com/sites/Etihad/global/en/aboutetihad/mediacenter/newslisting/newsdetails). The program was also runner up in the four remaining categories Best Promotion for Earning, Best Promotion for Redemption, Best Customer Service and Program of the Year.Hence, it can be concluded that the member retention and brand loyalty competition is fierce and offering innovative and extensive services to customers is imperative to lure more and more individual and corporate clients. It seems quite obvious that the value of Hilton reward program does justify its cost. As per the belief of Hilton Hotels that regard frequent guest programs as the lodging industrys most important marketing tool, serving to direct promotional and customer service efforts at the heavy user. (Ref Case field of study by John Deighton and Stowe Shoemaker).Loyalty programs have been at the core of how hotels attract and retain their best customers for over a decade. However, they can only be as cost-effective as multiple contests in the market let them be. This study reveals that the previous year had been successful for Hilton. Revenues had been in the region of $158 per night per guest, and occupancy had exceeded break-even. Also Hilton HHonors rewards program was not established as a profit center but was required to break even each year and to measure its effectiveness by dint of a complex set of program metrics.The program is run by a sm all team of 30 employees. A research by Hilton revealed that guests set by their HHonors or airline membership numbers occupied 22. 5 percent of all the rooms occupied in the Hilton Hotels and Hilton International network in a year. More importantly for Hilton , activation, retention, and member spend per visit all have improved. Augmenting the financial gains is the valuable database the HHonors rewards program provides to Hilton. These are the most critical and demanding customers who provide vital feedback and valuable suggestions.The program staff can establish individual contact with these members through mail or in person and not only obtain valuable feedback but earn lifelong loyalty. Plenty of focus groups and quantative research can be carried out further enhancing means to develop brand loyalty through personal profiling and personal recognition techniques. The phrase attributed to Diskin interestingly sums it up i-e People care about organizations that care about them. (Ref aforesaid(prenominal) case study).In addition, the program also offers opportunities to target other customer segments. Furthermore, the program is also being used as a tool that can aid the travel manager with compliance to their overall travel policy by offering special incentives to stay at Hilton rather than at a competitor due to personal choice of the travelers. The Hilton program proves to be even more effective by developing additional services for returning customers at check-ins and by appointing guest relations managers to offer special personalized services to loyalty members.All these factors contribute to make this program valuable in expanding and retaining clients and thus justify the associated costs. Starwood is introducing a new aggressive frequent-guest program that it hopes will help attract more business travelers to its Westin Hotels Resorts, Sheraton Hotels Resorts, The Luxury Collection, Four Points, Caesars, and Starwoods new W brand hotels, represen ting more than 550 participating properties worldwide. The program is expected to raise the stakes in the loyalty-program fierce competition amongst big hotel chains especially since Starwood plans to run it by a

Just about every aspect of sport which we find exciting today was present at the chariot races of ancient Rome Essay

I agree with this statement to an extent, some aspects of chariot pelt along are similar to that of todays modern gaming. In Ancient Romes chariot races there were four team ups, red, white, green and blue. E very papistical would support a team, and stay loyal to it. These teams became the focus of support among spectators. The Romans were always very loyal to which ever team they supported. Fights would some ms break out(a) due to the keep of different teams. There are lots of aspects that made these chariot races exciting for the Romans. By supporting a team they could tinting more(prenominal) relate. Competitors from the same team / stable might work to transmither / pull stunts and gang up on other teams to gain popularity, make the race more exciting. This is full same(p) at present, in footb wholly, rugby, cricket and many more of our modern day enjoyments resemble the Romans approach to their teams and their support for them. Most men nowadays support a football team and stay loyal and supporting that team.Going to a football match is a really exciting experience, every wholeness supporting the same team will be feeling in a similar way, the atmosphere and feeling that you are all there to holdher supporting your team, taking part is a very exciting experience and one that both us and the Romans share. The anxiety of waiting whats going to happen, is he going to push him off the baffle? Is he going to die? The excitement when someone does a trick. Is he going to add up? Will they be able to score in sequence? Will he get the penalty? Will he get sent off? It unified people of all sorts of social ranks, and encourages them to socialise just like we have nowadays. Betting also would have been and exciting experience for the Romans, just like us and any human being they were money driven. So the prospect of deriveing some money would have been a very exciting experience, they could have won a lot of money.Just like nowadays when we stray a bet on a team or a horse to win a race / match, it then gets us more involved in the match / race, we want the person / team who we have backed up to win so we win money in return, so you get very excited when maybe your charioteer does a very clever stunt and nocks someone of the track / they are battling it out for first position you almost feel as if you are taking part in the race. The structural features of the circus maximus would have also made it exciting for the Romans the seating meant that they could integrate with women, which they would not get to do often, there are several sources explaining the excitement the men had in checking the women out. Nowadays that would not really affect our excitement on the sport as we are much more integrated through daily life than the Romans would have been. Therefore these dont really increase the enjoyment of our sport nowadays.The spina would have also made the race very exciting for the Romans, especially the metea or turning pos ts, these would have tested even the best charioteers to their limits, when the charioteers r distributivelyed the metea they would try and brush off in as close as possible to the metea as possible, this could have resulted in a very bad injury or death very easily, if they wear pushed into the metea or turned to closely into the metea, as the charioteers approached the metea the crowd would start to cheer more especially when stunts and tricks were pulled on other charioteers. The Romans also enjoyed the egg markers and mahimahi markers these would have shown them at what lap they were in the race, obviously it would have been important for the Romans to have been able to keep track of how many laps the charioteers were on.Every time a marker went down / up this would have signified it being closer to the end of the race, I work out this would have made it more exciting for them because it is that time aspect for them, when time is applied to something it often means pressure, whether it be they only have so long to score a goal or to belt their component of the track / make them win. With every lap it would have made it more exciting for the Romans, as there would be less and less charioteers each time and the race would be getting more violent / heated. Although nowadays although we do have score boards to help us to keep up score I would not say it adds that much to the excitement , only really the time aspect that they have so long left to score / win this game.In the chariot hie most of the competitors would have been slaves, and of a low social status, they would get sold to other teams and made to compete in races. In a way the charioteers had their own status within charioteering they had dual status if they were good charioteers they would start from nothing a built their way up the charioteers rank, and capture well known every time a charioteer won in a race they would receive a percentage of the winnings the rest would go to the stables, t hey would receive quite a high pay.. This is sort of similar to what we have nowadays for example a footballer might start from nothing and is all of a sudden he is launched into a high status / idolised. In a way the footballers are owned like a slave would be the club / manager owns them and they are sold onto other teams.Just like the charioteers they also receive very high pays. This aspect of charioteering / modern day sport would have made it exciting because you could get to see well known really good charioteers, maybe that you idolised its just like nowadays meeting a really famous footballer like David beck ham something that an average person would find really exciting, because they are iconic figures that people look up to, and you want to see them perform. With chariot racing there is a real danger aspect it seemed the Romans would do anything to try and make their sport more dangerous and exciting, teaching the charioteers to bash into each other, the crowd would chee r loudly if someone wasHave a battle with another charioteer / killed them, the Romans were very blood thirsty. The got thrills out of seeing people hurt and pushing each other close to the edge. Nowadays I dont think we share the Romans passion quite so much for fighting and death/ blood, although for instance in motor racing when the cars are racing and perhaps giving each other nudges I think we do find it exciting we like to see how far we can push things, and if some one crashed and it was quite a big one every one would sort of be talking about it did you see that crash? Without realising we get a sort of buss out of it.I think now looking closely and examining this statement I do agree with it , most of the points I have brung up are connected to chariot racing we share that thrill and excitement the same as the Romans do maybe we just dont realise it as much / it is a raciness more toned down.

Philosophy of Montessori Education Essay

Dr maria Montessori started her motion in the field of education and pincer psychology, when she had already obtained a mends degree in medicine and surgery. Her scientific training and experience were exceptionally broad based and unique. Her approach to education encompassed the whole reading of manhood from birth to adulthood. The most central contribution of her work, in the present day, is the focussed attention on the fact that no attempt to solve social and object lesson problems of the society testament succeed if it is concentrated only on man-the-adult, and non on the whole man, including his youngsterhood. Therefore early child education becomes important for a stop society.Today in social career, there exists an urgent need- that of reforming methods of education and instruction, and whoever strives to reach this goal is striving for the regeneration of man(The Discovery of Child, Chapter 2, Page 2). This motivation to create new human kind through and throu gh early education was the hallmark of the education philosophy of Dr Montessori. Dr Montessori observed that regular education follows a quieten ascent, becoming increasingly difficult year after year, after starting at the age of 06 yrs.However, she discovered, through her innovative experiments, that human development and learning is not steady and limnar, but happens in a series of formative planes, starting from the birth of the child. She also discovered that the complete development of human being is make possible by the tendency of the human being to certain universal actions in relation to their environs and the most productive development was observed when the environment was self chosen and sozzled to the interests of the child. Dr Montessori felt that adult should not assume that the child is empty vessel waiting to be filled with our knowledge and experience.It is important to extrapolate that the child has experience probable for life and a suitable environment is to be created for the child to exercise the opportunity to learn on his own under limited close observation. Dr Montessori maintained that the first period of life was the most important in a childs development, it is during this period that thechilds powers of absorption and learning are highest and life-long attitudes and patterns of learning are firmly formed. She believed that the child is endowed with unknown powers, which can guide us to a radiant proximo and The greatness of human personality begins at the hour of the birth(The Absorbent Mind, Chp 1, Page 2). Dr Montessori termed that every creature, whether plant or animal, comes from a primary, simple and un distinctiated cellphone with the characteristics of the creature thus developed, greatly depending on some unidentified force.Every germ cell bears indoors itself a pattern of the organism to be, without visible sign, so that every new-born body, whatever species, bears in itself a pattern of psychical instinct , of functions that bequeath set it in relation to its environment, for the fulfilment of a cosmic mission. Dr Montessori felt that this environment must provide not only the means of physiological conception, but stimuli to the rich mission inscribed in every creature that is born, all of which was summoned by their environment not only life but the exercise of a necessary office for the conservation of the world and its harmony. In this way, Dr Montessori, described that there are two initial embryos, namely physiological or the physical and spiritual, each with distinct roles to play in the life of a child.She distinguished that these details of early development, in man as pre-natal and post natal, where-in, this post-natal work is a constructive activity which is carried on in what may be called the formative period, and makes the baby into a kind of Spiritual Embryo(The Absorbent Mind, Chp 7, Page 62). According to this postnatal development happens only in man and the pro longed infancy of man separates him unaccompanied from the animals, whereby man is seen as a being different from all others. Dr Montessori believed that for the psychic pattern to reveal itself, two conditions must be fulfilled, first, the environment that he interacts to understand the limit of his universe, second, the freedom to reveal himself. She emphasised that when these two conditions are met, the psychic life of the child will not reach its potential and his personality will be stunted.Dr Montessori strongly felt that, the work of man on the earth is related to his spirit, to his creative intelligence, therefore this spirit and creative intelligence must be the fulcrum of his existence, and of all the workings of human body. It is about this fulcrum, the behaviour and physical economy is organised. Dr Montessorisays that the whole man develops within this spiritual halo and therefore first wangle given to the new-born babe, over riding all others, must be a care for his mental life, and not just for his bodily life. Dr Montessori described the time line of 3 yrs from birth, as the period of Spiritual Embryo, and all the non-physical qualities namely his intelligence, temperament, personality, spirit and soul develop in this stage.Dr Montessori describes that development of child is due to an unconscious mind(p) power, a vital force, she borrowed a word horme to describe this vital force, which is equivalent to the force that created Nebulae, pushed by the universal unconscious intelligence of force. She thought that, this force is similar to the force that is pushing or driving the entire world towards teleological end in the philosophy of the French Jesuit Pierre Teilhard de Chardin. Dr Montessori opined that the child has a different relation to its environment, the child absorbs the environment and it becomes his soul and reincarnates in himself all in the world about him that his eyes see and ears hear and child is modify by them.This vital kind of memory, which does not consciously remember, but absorb images into the individuals very life, has been given a special name by Sir Percy Nunn, called Mneme(The Absorbent Mind, Chp 7 , Page 74). All the social and moral habits that shape a mans personality, the sentiments of caste, and all kinds of other feelings, that make him a common Human being like a typical Indian, a typical Italian, or a typical Englishman, are formed during infancy, in virtue of that mysterious mental power that psychologists have called Mneme.It is with the combination of this powerful memory and the vital force, that the child experiences the environment and imbibes the attitudes for life, which result in his regeneration through different stages of development. Dr Montessori said Man unlike the animals, is not born with movements already co-ordinated he has to shape and co-ordinate his own movements. Nor has he even a predetermined aim this too, must find for himself (The Absorbent Mind, Chp 7, Page 77). The child has to self construct and learn from his environment, through various planes of development, happening in his life at different ages. Dr Montessori defined 04 main panes of development, from the birth to 24 yrs of age, each lasting for 6 yrs.Children are motivated from within. The child has within him the person he will become, and it is our role as nurturing adults to encourage the functioning of the childs self-construction (http//www.pcmontessori.org/about/montessori.php). Therefore, the child has to develop his own powers for reacting to life. Dr Montessori identified two aids one is natural aids and external aids that help the child to develop, of which the internal aids are beautiful period and the absorbent mind.She narrates that, children have the energy and passion to outmatch at certain activities at specific periods of time in their life, which disappears after the passage of that specific interval of time in the childs life. She adds that, durin g such(prenominal) a period the child is endowed with special sensibility, which urges the child to focus attention only on certain aspects of environment, excluding others. subtile periods are those blocks of time, when the child is clothed in only one characteristic of his environment, excluding other. Sensitive periods are active between 0-6 yrs of age.There are six sensitive periods defined namely (1) Sensitive to order, (2) Learning through their five senses, (3) Sensitivity to small objects, (4) Sensitivity to co-ordination of movement, (5) Sensitivity to language, (6) Sensitivity to social aspect of life. The baby has a creative aptitude, a potential energy that will enable it to build up a mental world from the world about it (The Secret of Childhood, Chp 3, Page 33). This the child learns through the sensitive periods, which follow each other and are overlapping as well. While above periods describe the pattern the child learns in gaining knowledge of his environment, the absorbent explains the process of the knowledge gained from this learning.The absorbent mind is divided into the un-conscious (0-3yrs) and conscious mind (3-6yrs). In the un-conscious mind, the child absorbs from the environment, and therefore, there is a great requirement to make the environment as interesting and striking for the child, which helps the child to create his own impressions about the environment and develop the psyche of analyses and reasoning on the basis of these impressions.The conscious mind follows the unconscious mind and takes all the inputs from the preceding un-conscious mind, for development of his mental functions, with the help of already established power of memory, analyses and reasoning. With the conscious mind, the child has an established will and memory, which he uses for pass on self construction. The child at this stage is able to write, read, understand numbers etc., Dr Montessori defines some laws ofdevelopment, which actually reveals the kind of experiments she had carried out and clearly defines the requirements for the child to learn different things at different stages of development. There are eight laws of development which unfold over a course of time.They are (1) Law of Work The child, when given work in a prepared environment, with any kind of behaviour, yields to the learning mode and gives up any kind of aggressive behaviour. This in turn shapes his personality and existence which come face to face in the prepared environment. (2) Law of Independence When provided with independence, the child strives to listen to its inner guide for actions and this helps in his innate development. (3) Power of attending At a certain stage of development, the child becomes sensitive to his environment with great intensity and an interest not seen before. When a child works, he develops his ability to concentrate which replaces his instinctive interest with intellectual interest, this leads to the child becoming calmer and con trolled. (4) Development of Will The child, through repeated work, slowly establishes his will. Dr. Montessori observed three stages of this Will development.First, as the child repeats his work many times over a period of time, he gains power over his own movements. The child then moves to the second stage that is accepting self discipline as a way of life. After achieving self- discipline as a way of life, the child reaches the third stage of the developed will involving the power to obey. (5) Development of Intelligence For a child, development of intelligence through the comparison and differentiation of the already learnt attributes of the environment and this is the key to understanding life itself.It helps to put the images of consciousness in order. (6) Development of Imagination and Creativity Dr. Montessori believed that development of the powers of imagination and creativity develops as mental capacities are established through the interactions with the environment. She b elieved that when the child has developed realistic and ordered perception of is environment, he capable of selecting and emphasising process necessary for creative endeavours. (7)Development of Emotional and Spiritual life The child possesses within him at birth the senses that respond to his emotional side to the spiritual environment, due to which he learns he receives emotional and spiritual stimuli from all personnel whom he is close to. A sensitive period is at work, a divine command is breathing through helplessthings, animating them with the spirit(The Secret of Childhood, Chp 3, Page 38). Dr Montessori maintained that development has to be accompanied with constant spirit for achieving greater heights.Dr Montessori named environment and freedom as the external aids of self construction, this she advised teachers to make changes to the environment to conform to the requirements of the child, to be able to nourish the requirements of the child. Since, at all times the child is interacting with its environment, it is highly mandatory to maintain the environment to provide best opportunity for the child to learn. Every object must have a definite place, where it is kept, and where it remains, when it is not in use (The discovery of the Child, Chp 17, Page 182). Since all objects form the central start up of the environment, it is required that the environment is not be disturbed for the child to learn from it. Freedom for a child provides an opportunity to express himself which in turn helps to evoke the developed pattern resulting in the overall childs growth. This freedom and prepared environment leads to normalisation in children.The teacher involved in this method of teaching has to provide the freedom and ensure that the environment is created for the child to avail every opportunity to learn, with all the freedom to learn things. According to Dr Montessori, there should be balance created between the mind and body of the child, to work in agreeme nt and harmony and this will create normalised children, else there would be deviations in the child. Dr Montessori has classified deviated psyches into fugue, barriers, attachment, possessiveness, inferiority, precaution and lies.Each of these category, has strong different reasons behind them, which encompasses the environment the child has been brought up in, how the child was treated in its childhood etc., Dr Montessori has framed different methods and advises for teachers in transaction with these children. Dr Montessori emphasises that normalised children are the result of freedom and ideal environment provided to the children, which will result in cohesion of children, due to the developed respect for others, helping nature, harmonious mind. too qualities of co-operation, discipline, social sentiment, obedience and character are developed by child that will lead in the making of a better society and better human kind.The teacher, when she begins work in our schools, must ha ve kind of faith that the child will reveal himself (The Absorbent Mind, Chp 27, Page 287). Dr Montessori, places huge responsibility on the teacher, of that of creating a conducive environment for child with all freedom and required observation prowess, to assess and correct the child. Dr Montessori wants the teacher to have infinite faith in the child that the child will blossom into a flower with its own colour, shape, size and fragrance. they who know the most Must mourn the deepest oer the contraband truth.The tree of Knowledge is not that of Life (Maria Montessori- Her Life and Work, Chp 21,Page 368). These words were from Bryons Manfred. EM Standing, author of Maria Montessori Her Life and Work, describes the need for completing the idea of Dr Montessori Education for life through dissemination of Montessori Method of learning in creating harmonious children and greater future which is at peace with each other and with the environment.BibliographyDr. Maria Montessori, The S ecret of Childhood, Orient Black Swan, India Dr. Maria Montessori, The Absorbent Mind, Kalakshetra Press, India Dr. Maria Montessori, The Discovery of the Child, Kalakshetra Press, India EM Standing, Maria Montessori Her Life and Work, Penguin Putnam Inc, New York http//www.pcmontessori.org/about/montessori.php

Health Benefits of Coffee Essay

Overall, research shows coffee is more healthful than harmful. For most, a lot of good comes from drinking it, more so than a lot of bad. Tomas DePaulis, PhD states. In fact, drinking a few cups a day may be healthy according to Harvards Womens Health Watch. slew who drink coffee on a regular basis appear to acquire some advantages compared to those who dont drink it at all. These benefits include exactly are not limited to a lower seek of type 2 diabetes, reduced risk of gallstones, lower colon cancer risk, and reduced risk of parkinsons.I think on average, the consumption of caffeine probably does create a public health risk. Dr. Jim Lane claims. Coffee drinkers put themselves at greater risk of hear attack, stroke, or early death. Health risks linked to coffee consumption include worsening of PMS symptoms in some women, reducing birthrate in women while trying to conceive, insomnia, anxiety, and irritability. Section 2 Tomas DePaulis , PhD, is a research scientist at Vander bilt Universitys Institute for Coffee Studies.Dr. Jim Lane is a researcher at the Duke University Medical School. Both of their opinions are for the general public, anyone whos interested in finding out about benefits, or risks of coffee drinking. They both give worthful information for any reader, the good and the bad. Both DePaulis and Lanes research seems to agree with what their opinion is, both research opposes the other. Section 3 I issue e genuinelything about coffee, the taste, the smell, and the effect.I hadnt really thought about risks or advantages of drinking it until I had to start researching coffee. I found both sides to the research very interesting, and its definitely hard to know which one proves to be true, and which proves to be incorrect. Im no scientist but as much as I love coffee I find it hard to believe there would be any risks in drinking it, and was a bit startled when I came across research to show health risks.

Pressure Groups Essay

Pressure groups play an important role in indian politics Pressure groups provide the link between the people and the government. A push group is an organised body of individuals who share some goals and who try to influence familiar policy. Pressure groups are a vital part of a healthy democracy. Indeed the sustained and rapid expansion of pressure group activity and exponentiation in the political process is often heralded as a sign of growing political involvement among many thousands of people.Pressure groups Promote tidings and debate and mobilise public opinion on key issues ,they perform a role in educating citizens about specific issues , they mountain enhance elective participation, pluralism and diversity, they raise and articulate issues that political parties perhaps wont touch because of their sensitivity e. g. The 2011 Indian anti-corruption movement were a series of demonstrations and protests across India which intended to progress strong legislation and enfor cement against endemic political corruption. ake the example of the recent gang rape case. The people of delhi, and then the entire country joined to form a pressure group and forced the govt. to make fast track courts so that the culprits could be punished as soon as possible. There is intense pressure on the government to make harsher laws for rape . pressure groups provide an important access point for those seeking redress of grievance They represent minorities who cannot represent themselvesGroups can be an important and valuable source of specialist information for an overloaded legislature and civil service Many groups play an important role in implementing changes to public policy Pressure groups encourage a decentralisation of fountain within the political system. They act as a check and balance to the power of executive government.Several laws have been made , several ministers and beaureacrats who were corrupt, were asked to go because of the pressure groups. Several sta tes have been made because of pressure groups. Prices of public utilities like electricity , pee have been reduced because of pressure groups. Farmers have got the right price for their commodities because of pressure groups. So we can see that pressure groups are a must for democracy, and they inflect democracy and not weaken it.

A vision on a nursing profession Essay

For as long as I can remember I score always wanted to be a nurse, caring for those in need. This feeling ultimately guide me to the doer choice of care for and continues the path of higher education in the profession. . Nursing is more than treating an illness, alternatively it is focused on delivering quality patient care that is individualized to the needs of each patient. As nurses we protect, abet and encourage others to optimize their health abilities, prevention of illness, alleviate suffering and advocate in caring for the individual, their families and the union. Fruechting (2010) solid grounds, both discipline has its philosophical foundations and nursing is no different. The purpose of a philosophy is to answer the questions of what nursing is, why does it exist and what ethics and values underpin these beliefs. Fruechting continues to say that nursing philosophy, like any other disciplines-specific philosophy, is what directs and drives look into and knowledge d evelopment to advance the discipline. My philosophy of nursing incorporates the knowledge of medicine, the impressiveness of prevention and the promotion of wellness, eyepatch combining it with relational, compassionate caring that respects the dignity of each patient, their families and community. I believe nursing care should be holistic while honoring patient families and communitys values. A crucial sentiment of nursing is interprofessional relationships, collaborative efforts among healthcare professionals promoting quality patient care, and making health care easily accessible. A reflection of my philosophy of nursing and the pursuit of higher education.I look at the theories and have non identified any angiotensin-converting enzyme at this point to ground me and my philosophy, and what learning strategies appeal to me. I have always reflected on patient centered care and health promotion model as a great fit in my profession and now the possibility of my philosophy. Nurs ing theory (2013) states that the Health forwarding Model was designed by Nola J. Pender to be a complementary counterpart to models of health protection. It defines health as a positive dynamic state rather than simply the absence of disease. Health promotion is order at increasing a patients level of well-being. The health promotion model in like manner describes the multidimensional nature of persons as they interact within their environment to pursue health. Nursing theory (2013) states that Abdellahs Twenty-One Nursing Problems theory of nursing, Nursing is based on an art and science that molds the attitudes, intellectual competencies, and skillful skills of the individual nurse into the desire and ability to help people, sick or well, cope with their health needs.. The nursing model is intended to guide care in hospitals, but can be applied to community nursing, as well. The model has interrelated concepts of health and nursing occupations, as well as problem-solving, whic h is an activity inherently logical in nature. Abdellahs theory identifies ten steps to identify the patients problem and 11 nursing skills used to develop a treatment typology. Abdellah describes health as a state mutually exclusive of illness. There is no definition of health given by her theory, but she speaks of center health needs and healthy state of mind and body in the description of nursing as a comprehensive service.I would choose both choose this framework due to the emphasis and importance that it puts on relationships, trust, empathy, warmth and being in the present and in tune with ones experience patient centered care comfortable and at peace to be able to allow ones self to reflect on the many feelings and emotions that we experience and that changes from minute to minute, day to day and course of study to year. Therefore, this is the theory that I base my therapy and supervision upon.

Automobile and Toyota Company Essay

BPMM6013 Marketing Management 1. Toyota has built a huge manufacturing company that can catch millions of cars separately year for a wide variety of consumers. Why was it able to enhance so ofttimes larger than any other auto manufacturer? The Toyota caller-up grow so lots bigger than any other auto manufacture because of the act according to preference of the customer Market segment. Toyota Company produce large range of subcompacts to luxury and sports vehicles to SUVs, trucks, minivans, and buses. They segment their product according to extremity of customer.They create their grocery store segment. They produce Scion car that is target the teenage and it becomes famous among the teenage. 2. Has Toyota through the right thing by manufacturing a car brand for foreveryone? Why or why not? I think Toyota Company done the right thing by manufacturing a car brand for everyone. They manufacture a really long range of exciting new cars which will open peoples eyes and minds. Th ey analyze what a customer take and develop the same feature gondola in the comparable price. They divide their mart segment.In the market there are di&erent people with di&erent perception. Toyota prove they produce wide variety of the auto that will use by di&erent types of customer. They try to develop the auto according to the customer perception. They want to make full each customer. The price range of the Toyota Company is lies very expensive to inexpensive. Toyota automobile are in the field of middle class to mellow class such that the user of the Toyota automobile are very much higher than other automobile company.Toyota understands that each country denes perfection di&erently. AMI JOSELINA ABU BAKAR (814481) 1 BPMM6013 Marketing Management 3. Did Toyota grow too quickly as Toyota suggested? What should the company do over thenext year, 5 days, or 10 years? How can growing companies avoid tonicity problems in the future? Toyota Company grows too quickly as their su ggested. Toyota is integrating its assembly plants around the world into a single giant network. They do customize on the car according to the need of the customer.Toyotas need to keep their products selection and quality superior to their competition. Toyota company are become one of the successful manufacturing company due to their consistent quality. They get hold of to maintain their performance quality. Whether they customized the car or develop new model according to customer need they need to maintain same core quality all around the world. They need to maintain reliability on automobile. The same superior quality and dependable should be maintaining. The design of the automobile should be ludicrous and while developing new model design car they need to maintain core genuine as same. They need to customize regular according to the customer.They need to maintain extraordinary look for each model. Such that it will look very distinctive than competitor. They need to produce high quality and high specic design automobile. They need to give services after the purchasing the product and more ever they have to delivery every item in the time. They need to create more value of automobile by giving some of the discount or either by various services.They need to return e-support for their customer and they need to update their information through the media. As we know people perfection are di&erent according to the geographic area. A great product by itself is not enough so the Toyota need to advertise themselves according to customer perfection at that place. They need to make market strategy di&erently in di&erent country. The Toyota Company is giving Guaranteed Auto Protection to their customer. They need to keep it up. AMI JOSELINA ABU BAKAR (814481) 2.

Industrial Conflicts: a Comparison Between Britain and France

industrial Conflicts A Comparison between Britain and France Outline of proposed paper I would bid to conduct a comparison in the Industrial Conflicts between Britain and France. In this period of financial crisis where companies argon taking action on both sides of the English Channel to stay competitive, it would be arouse to read the industrial conflicts of these countries as merchandise unions and workers are sometimes protesting to save their jobs occasionally with extreme violence.I would also the likes of to k right off more to the highest degree the Industrial Conflicts in Britain as this is something unfamiliar for me compared to the situation in France where trade unionism and militancy is present early in our lives with students commonly on strike and usually commences from racy School. Identification and justification of relevant theoryBefore focusing on industrial conflicts, I thought that it would be interesting to first understand the industrial relations with t he theory of Richard Whitley (1992) and the concept of Business Systems to highlight that there are major differences between these two countries in the way of organizing and managing economic activities and structuring their industrial relations.Concerning the Industrial Conflicts, Steve Jefferys (2001, 2003)who analyses the French and British employment relations using legal, sociological and historical approaches and also the neo-liberal, regulation, social movement and the societal set theories to understand the employment relations and their industrials conflict leave be my main focus. My additional focus will be on Michael capital of Mississippi and his analysis on strike trends, specifically in Anglo-Saxon countries. He thoroughly examines explanations for strikes drawing on research findings and comments from a broad range of disciplines from various authors and theories.Identification of empirical endorse The TUC (Trades Union Congress) library will be extremely helpful in finding out selective informationrmation closely British trade union in general and industrial conflicts and militancy more particularly. Richard Clutterbuck (1984) gives us data somewhat strike details in Britain between 1971 and 1980. Micael P. Jackson (1987) also provides data about duration and the average number of workers involved in strikes in the U. K. between 1915 and 1985. Jeff Bridgford developed data about French trade union membership and their belonging to the Parti Socialiste between 1970 and 1979.Preliminary evaluation of alternative arguments and evidence Concerning the industrial relations, Richard Whitley (1992, 2000) seems to belong to the divergent school which means that business systems of countries and their industrial relations are influenced by institutions, history, determine or beliefs. However, other authors such as Ohmae (1996) argues the end of the nation-state and the rise of regional economies where economic decisions are now taken at the leve l of economic region which are often cross national boundaries and economically independent of the nation-states where they reside.Critical self-assessment of progress to date From week three to Five, I looked at literature about militancy but nothing came out. After a refocus on the topic on industrial conflict, my depute until week seven was to read about industrial relations thinking that I will key out the reason of the industrial conflicts but I did not find a clear answer. My regret is to submit not read earlier about Steve Jefferys (2001, 2003) and Jackson (1987) who gives much more insight into industrial conflicts. cast for completion based on progress self-evaluationThe schedule concerning my research would be to finish investigating the studies of Jefferys (2001, 2003) and Jackson (1987) and read more about Poole (1986) before the end of December to clearly identify the issues of industrial conflicts. From the eighth December, I also would like to visit the TUC Libra ry to find more data and literature about industrial conflicts. By the end of the First week of January, I hope to have completed the underwrite in order to come back to it with a fresh mind and arrange it without the pressure of deadline.References slant Bridgford, J. , (1991), The Politics of French Trade Union. Leicester Leicester University crusade Clutterbuck, R. (1984), Industrial Conflict and Democracy The Last Chance. capital of the United Kingdom The MacMillian Press LTD Jackson, M. (1987), Strikes Industrial Conflict in Britain, U. S. A. and Australia. Sussex Wheatsheaf Books LTD Jefferys, S. , & al, (2001), European Working lives Continuities and Change in Management and Industrial traffic in France, Scandinavia and the U. K. Cheltenham Edward Elgar Publishing Limited Jefferys, S. (2003), Liberte, Egalite and Fraternite at Work Changing French Employment Relations and Management. capital of the United Kingdom Palgrave Ohmae, K. (1996), The End of Nation State. London Harper Collins Whitley R. , (1992), European Business Systems Firms and Markets in their National Contexts. London Mansel Whitley, R. , (2000), Divergent Capitalisms The Social Structuring and Change of Business Systems. Oxford Oxford University Press Bibliography Hall, P. & Soskice, D. (2001), Varieties of Capitalism The Institutional Foundations Comparative Advantage.Oxford Oxford University Press Kornhauser, A. , (1954), Industrial Conflict. New York McGraw-Hill Book Company Perkins, S. & Shortland, S. , (2006), Stategic International Human Resource Management Choices and Consequences in Multinational masses Management. London Kogan Page Poole, M. (1986), Industrial Relations Origins and Patterns of National Diversity. London Routledge and Kegan-Paul Rubery, J. & Grimshaw, D. , (2003), The Organization of Employment An International Perspective. Basingstoke Palgrave MacMillian http//www. unionhistory. info

Consumer Behavior Essay

Consumer sort is an attempt to understand & forecast human actions in the secureing role. It has assumed evolution importance under market-oriented or customer oriented marketing planning & management. Consumer behavior is defined as all psychological, social & physical behavior of latent customers as they become aw ar of, evaluate, purchase, consume, & tell others about product & services. * individually element in this definition is important.* Consumer behavior involves both(prenominal) individual (psychological) processes & group (social processes). * Consumer behavior is reflected from awareness right through post-purchase military rating indicating satis evention or non-satisfaction, from purchases * Consumer behavior includes communication, purchasing & consumption behavior * Consumer behavior is basically social in nature. Hence social environment plays an important role in shaping buyer behavior. * Consumer behavior includes both consumer & business buyer behavior I n consumer behavior we consider not only why, how, & what people buy but other factors such as where , how often, and under what conditions the purchase is made. An understanding of the buyer behavior is of the essence(p) in marketing planning & programmes. In the final analysis buyer behavior is one of the approximately important keys to successful marketing.MAJOR FACTORS INFLUENCING BUYER BEHAVIOURCULTURAL FACTORSCultural factors exert the broadest and deepest influence on consumer behavior. The roles played by the buyers culture, sub culture and social class are particularly important. * CULTURE- Culture is the intimately fundamental determinant of a psyches wants and behavior. The growing child acquires a watch of values, perceptions, preferences, and behavior through his or her family or other key institutions. * SUB-CULTURE- Sub-culture includes nationalities, religions, racial groups, and geographical regions. Many sub-cultures make up important market segments, and mark eters often design marketing programs tailored to their needs. * SOCIAL CLASS- kind classes are comparatively homogenous and enduring divisions in a society, which are hierarchically ordered and whose members share similar values, interests, and behavior. Social classes do not reflect income alone but also other indicators such as occupation, education, and theater of operations of residence.SOCIAL FACTORS* REFERNCE GROUPS- A Persons reference groups consist of all the groups that have a groom or indirect influence on the souls attitudes or behavior. Groups having direct influence on a soulfulness are called membership groups. * FAMILY- The family is the most important consumer buying organization in society, and has been researched extensively. Family members urinate the most influential primary reference group. * ROLE AND STATUSES- A mortals position in each group that he participates throughout his brio family, clubs, and organizations can be defined in foothold of role and status. A role consist of activities that a person is expected to perform. Each role carries a status. Marketers are aware of the status symbol potential of products and brands.PERSONAL FACTORSA buyers decisions are also influenced by personal characteristics. These include the buyers age & stage in the life cycle, occupation, economic circumstances, lifestyle, personality & self concept. * AGE & STAGE IN THE LIFE CYCLE- People buy different goods & services over their lifetime. They eat baby food in the early years, most foods in the growing & mature years & special diets in the later years. Peoples taste in clothes, article of furniture & recreation is also age related. * OCCUPATION- A persons occupation also influences his or her consumption pattern. Marketers try to identify the occupational groups that have above average interest in their products and services. A confederation can even specialize its products for certain occupational groups. * ECONOMIC CIRCUMCTANCES- Pro duct choices are greatly touched by ones economic circumstances. Economic constancy consist of their spend able income (its level, stability and time pattern), saving and assets (including the percentage that is liquid), debts, borrowing power, attitude toward spending versus saving.* LIFESTYLE- People coming from the same subculture, social class & occupation may lead quite different lifestyles. A persons lifestyles the persons pattern of living in the world as expressed in the persons activities, interests & opinions. * PERSONALITY AND SELF-CONCEPT- Each person has a distinct personality that influences his or her buying behavior. By personality, we mean a persons distinguishing psychological characteristics that lead to relatively consistent and enduring responses to his or her environment. Personality can be a useful variable in analyzing consumer behavior, provided that personality type can be classified accurately and that strong correlations exist between certain personality types and product or brand choices.PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORSA persons buying choices are influenced by four major psychological factors-motivations, perception, learning, beliefs and attitudes. * MOTIVATION- A person has many needs at any given time. A need becomes motive when it is aroused to a sufficient level of intensity. Motivational researchers hold that each product is capable of aro utilise a unique set of motive in consumers. * LEARNING- When people act they learn. cultivation involves changes in an individuals behavior arising from experience. Learning theory teaches marketers that they can build up demand for a product by associating it with strong drives, using motivating cues and providing positive reinforcement. * PERCEPTION- Perception is the process by which an individual selects, organizes, & interprets information inputs to create a pregnant picture of the world. A motivated person is ready to act. How the motivated person actually acts is influenced by his or her p erception of the situation.* BELIEFS & ATTITUDES- A belief is a descriptive thought that a person holds about something. by dint of doing & learning, people acquire beliefs & attitudes. These in turn influence their buying behavior. Particularly important to global marketers is the fact that buyers often hold distinct disbeliefs about brands or products based on their country of origin. An attitude is persons enduring favorable or unfavorable evaluations, emotional feelings, and action tendencies towards some object or idea. People have attitude toward almost everything religion, politics, clothes, music, food, and so on. Attitude put them into a frame of discernment of liking or disliking an object, moving toward or away from it.

Ethical language is meaningless Essay

Ethics is concerned with what is skillful and what is wrong. Meta- moral philosophy however looks at the language, it asks What does it mean to utter that something is right or wrong. In the words of Pojman, normative ethics is a philosophical examination of morality, meta-ethics is philosophising close ethics -that is, just about the very terms and structure of nice theories. I aim to explore the take over that all ethical language is meaningless by expression at some of the common disputations utilise in the ethical language and what they actually mean. Firstly let me take the question itself- what exactly is ethical language? Dr Richard Paul defines ethics as a set of concepts and principles that guide us in find what behaviour helps or harms sentient creatures.Paul also states that most tidy sum confuse ethics with behaving in accordance with rafts religious beliefs and the law, and dont treat ethics as a stand-alone concept. However, according to the dictionary eth ics is defined as the study of moralitys outlet on conduct the study of moral standards and how they affect conduct. With people defining ethics in different ways, ethical statements would hand contrasting meanings depending on how you viewed the actual term ethical.This idea of looking into the language of a statement before determining whether the out become/notion would be right or wrong is called meta-ethics. This view of language limits its meaning to something that potful be verified by sense take (i.e. proven true or false). This view provoke be found in the works of Wittgenstein in Tractatus (1921). This initial view went on to influence a group of philosophers known as the Vienna round of golf who developed the idea of positivism.This then influenced A J Ayer who claimed in his publication of Language, Truth and system of logical system that there are only two kinds of proposition being the truths known by definition, and the truths known by reference to sense exper ience. For example, to Ayer all bachelors are unmarried would be known as a circumlocution because this is correct by definition and thus claims nothing. However, That man is a bachelor bum be either proven false or true by using external facts (i.e. does he wear a wedding ring etc.). ToAyer both these statements would be purposeful as they can be proven true. However, an ethical statement such as abortion is wrong cannot be verified analytically or synthetically (like the examples before could be) and so arent meaningful.On the other hand, F H Bradley argued that the supreme unspoilt for human race was self-realisation, meaning that we choose to go one way or another in life, so that we can join the wider community. Morality to Bradley is about the actions you take which express the character that you are. This is known as metaphysical ethics and is often referred to as depending on two abstract ideas. The first being the world as a whole and the second being self-realisation . Neither of these ideas can be reduced to the sort of empirical render that the logical positivists such as Ayer would say, can determine whether it has meaning. Therefore Bradley would say that ethical statements are meaningful. I agree with Bradley in that I can see how you can investigate the world as a whole and individual peoples inner characters I have to disagree with the overall feeling that for a statement to have meaning it must fit into one of two categories. Not everything can be proven through science or experience, but that is not to say it does not have meaning to some people.R M Hare agreed with my thoughts as he put previous his approach of Prescriptivism. He argued that an ethical statement prescribes a course of action and tells you what one ought to do. It is stronger than just a suggestion of how to behave, but at the equal time is more than a command because commands are colligate to specific things at specific times, i.e. you should tidy your room would have meaning. An ethical statement is a popular command of how to behave, making it both prescriptive and universalisable. Therefore one can apply logic to the statement and can deduce whether they should follow the statement or not. Hare would not make the decision so black and white that the statement is either right or wrong but would instead say yes I think I agree with the statement and I intend to follow what it says. Therefore these statements are full of meaning as they prescribe how one should act.Having said that, many people would not be happy with the above outcome as it is down to the individual and could arguably make excuses for actions that people whitethorn do. By following Ayers argument it is much simpler and universal as it is not down to the individual, it is either right or wrong through science and facts. Ayer, an emotivist, also mat that ethical statements are not just expressions of the individual persons emotion but also of their attitude towards the situ ation. A good example to use- if I say capital punishment is wrong, its because I have an attitude contrary to capital punishment which is formed due to my beliefs. Therefore Ayer compared these ethical statements to the laughs and boos and hisses the cheers and the screams that people may voice in the audience of a debate.The statements are meaningless and add no weight to the situation. For example, saying that charity is good you are saying hoorah for charity work and nothing more. We would simply be expressing our attitude towards that topic or situation, and in the words of Ayer I am not making any factual statement I am merely expressing certain moral sentiments. Moral and ethical arguments serve no real solve as everyone has their own opinion but who are we to say which opinion is right? We cannot know from peoples own expressions whether a moral statement is right or wrong, and therefore will come to no outcome so all ethical statements are meaningless.C.L Stevenson took t his further and developed Ayers emotivism. Stevenson felt that whilst Peoples subjective opinions are often based on objective facts so meaningful ethical discourse could take place. For example if I say war is wrong it is my opinion and stringently subjective. However if we say that war is wrong because 10000 people were killed innocently that is objective and factual indicate as to why so many people believe war is wrong. Therefore ethical statements can be meaningful. Ethical statements also include a persuasive element, which encourages other people to adopt the same attitudes/beliefs as us. Here Stevenson bridges both prescriptivism and emotivism together, and believes that ethical statements are meaningful.My opinion, however, would be that most people in society would be able to recognise that an ethical statement such as It is wrong to assassinate is prescribing a course of action that will benefit the rest of society. Iagree with R M Hare that an ethical statement is mea ningful as it provides a guide as to how you should go about your daily lives. Language in general can have several meanings, but this still sum each has a meaning. Ethical statements are made up of language, therefore each statement in my opinion is meaningful. You cannot make the decision of whether ethical language has meaning purely based on logic and evidence through experience- some things cannot be reduced to these categories, but that does not mean some people dont consider this language as meaningless.